Ƙarfin raguwa na kowane tsayin raka'a akan saman ruwan ana kiransa tashin hankali, kuma sashin shine N.·m-1.
Abubuwan da ke rage tashin hankali na ƙasa ana kiransa aikin ƙasa, kuma wani abu mai wannan dukiya ana kiransa abu mai aiki.
Abun da ke aiki a saman wanda zai iya ɗaure kwayoyin halitta a cikin maganin ruwa kuma ya samar da micelles da sauran ƙungiyoyi, kuma yana da babban aiki, yayin da yake da tasirin jika, emulsifying, kumfa, wankewa, da dai sauransu ana kiransa surfactant.
Surfactant ne kwayoyin mahadi tare da musamman tsari da kuma dukiya, wanda zai iya muhimmanci canza interfacial tashin hankali tsakanin biyu bulan ko surface tashin hankali na taya (yawanci ruwa), tare da wetting, kumfa, emulsifying, wanka da sauran kaddarorin.
Dangane da tsari, surfactants suna da siffa ta gama gari domin sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu na yanayi daban-daban a cikin ƙwayoyin su. A gefe ɗaya akwai doguwar sarkar ƙungiyar marasa ƙarfi, mai narkewa a cikin mai kuma wacce ba ta narkewa a cikin ruwa, wacce aka fi sani da rukunin hydrophobic ko ƙungiyar masu hana ruwa. Irin wannan rukunin masu hana ruwa gabaɗaya dogon sarƙoƙi ne na hydrocarbons, wani lokacin kuma don Organic fluorine, silicon, organophosphate, sarkar organotin, da sauransu. Ƙungiyar hydrophilic dole ne ta zama isasshiyar hydrophilic don tabbatar da cewa gabaɗayan surfactants suna narkewa cikin ruwa kuma suna da mahimmancin narkewa. Tun da surfactants sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da hydrophobic, za su iya zama mai narkewa a cikin akalla ɗaya daga cikin matakan ruwa. Wannan kayan hydrophilic da lipophilic na surfactant ana kiransa amphiphilicity.
Surfactant wani nau'i ne na kwayoyin amphiphilic tare da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da hydrophilic. Ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic na surfactants gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi hydrocarbons masu tsayi, irin su madaidaiciyar sarkar alkyl C8 ~ C20, sarkar sarkar alkyl C8 ~ C20，alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom number is 8 ~ 16) da makamantansu. Bambanci wanda yake ƙarami tsakanin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic shine galibi a cikin sauye-sauyen tsarin sarƙoƙi na hydrocarbon. Kuma nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic sun fi yawa, don haka kaddarorin masu haɓaka sun fi alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic ban da girma da siffar ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic. Canje-canje na tsarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic sun fi girma fiye da na ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic, don haka rarrabuwa na surfactants gabaɗaya ya dogara ne akan tsarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic. Wannan rarrabuwa ya dogara ne akan ko ƙungiyar hydrophilic ionic ko a'a, kuma an raba shi zuwa anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic da sauran nau'ikan surfactants na musamman.
① Adsorption na surfactants a interfact
Kwayoyin da ke sama sune kwayoyin amphiphilic da ke da ƙungiyoyin lipophilic da hydrophilic. Lokacin da surfactant ya narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, rukuninsa na hydrophilic yana sha'awar ruwa kuma ya narke cikin ruwa, yayin da rukunin lipophilic na ruwa ya tunkude shi kuma ya bar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da adsorption na kwayoyin surfactant (ko ions) akan mu'amalar bangarorin biyu. , wanda ke rage tashin hankali tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta (ko ions) suna tallata su a wurin mu'amala, mafi girman raguwar tashin hankali tsakanin fuskoki.
② Wasu kaddarorin membrane adsorption
Matsakaicin sararin samaniya na membran adsorption: haɓakar haɓakawa a cikin mahaɗar ruwa mai iskar gas don samar da membran adsorption, kamar sanya takarda mai iyo mai iya cirewa a kan mahaɗin, takardar da ke iyo tana tura membrane adsorbent tare da farfajiyar bayani, kuma membrane yana haifar da matsa lamba. a kan takardar da ke iyo, wanda ake kira matsin lamba.
Dankin saman: Kamar matsa lamba na sama, dankowar saman wani abu ne da ake nunawa ta membrane mai narkewa. An dakatar da shi da zobe na platinum na ƙarfe mai kyau na ƙarfe, don haka jirginsa ya tuntuɓi ruwa na tanki, ya juya zoben platinum, zoben platinum ta wurin danko na hana ruwa, girman girman a hankali ya lalace, bisa ga abin da yanayin danko zai iya zama. auna. Hanyar ita ce: da farko, ana yin gwajin ne a kan ruwa mai tsafta don auna girman rubewar, sannan a auna rubewar da ta samu bayan samuwar kwayar halitta, kuma dankowar da ke cikin saman yana samuwa ne daga bambancin da ke tsakanin su biyun. .
Dankin da ke da alaƙa yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi na membrane, kuma tun lokacin da membrane adsorption yana da matsa lamba da danko, dole ne ya sami elasticity. Mafi girman matsa lamba na saman kuma mafi girman danko na membrane adsorbed, mafi girman modul na roba. Modules na roba na membrane adsorption na saman yana da mahimmanci a cikin aiwatar da daidaitawar kumfa.
③ Samuwar miceles
Rarraba mafita na surfactants suna biyayya da dokokin da mafita masu kyau ke biye. Adadin surfactant da aka tallata a saman maganin yana ƙaruwa tare da tattarawar maganin, kuma lokacin da maida hankali ya kai ko ya wuce wani ƙima, adadin tallan ya daina karuwa, kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin surfactant da suka wuce gona da iri suna cikin maganin a cikin haɗari. hanya ko ta wata hanya ta yau da kullun. Dukansu ayyuka da ka'idar sun nuna cewa sun kafa ƙungiyoyi a cikin mafita, kuma ana kiran waɗannan ƙungiyoyin micelles.
Mahimmancin Hankali na Micelle (CMC): Matsakaicin maida hankali kan abin da surfactants ke samar da micelles a cikin mafita ana kiransa mahimmancin micelle.
④ CMC dabi'u na kowa surfactants.
HLB shine taƙaitaccen ma'auni na lipophile na hydrophile, wanda ke nuna ma'auni na hydrophilic da lipophilic na hydrophilic da lipophilic kungiyoyin na surfactant, watau, darajar HLB na surfactant. Babban darajar HLB yana nuna kwayar halitta mai karfi mai karfi da lipophilicity mai rauni; Sabanin haka, mai karfi lipophilicity da raunin hydrophilicity.
① Samfuran ƙimar HLB
Ƙimar HLB ita ce ƙimar dangi, don haka lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙimar HLB, a matsayin ma'auni, ana ƙayyade ƙimar HLB na paraffin wax, wanda ba shi da wani abu na hydrophilic, ya zama 0, yayin da darajar HLB na sodium dodecyl sulfate, wanda shine 0. Mafi mai narkewar ruwa, shine 40. Saboda haka, ƙimar HLB na surfactants gabaɗaya yana cikin kewayon 1 zuwa 40. Gabaɗaya magana, emulsifiers tare da ƙimar HLB ƙasa da 10 sune lipophilic, yayin da waɗanda suka fi 10 sune hydrophilic. Don haka, juyawa daga lipophilic zuwa hydrophilic shine kusan 10.
Dangane da ƙimar HLB na surfactants, ana iya samun cikakken ra'ayi na yuwuwar amfanin su, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 1-3.
Ruwa biyu marasa narkewa, daya tarwatse a cikin ɗayan azaman barbashi (digiri ko lu'ulu'u na ruwa) suna samar da tsarin da ake kira emulsion. Wannan tsarin ne thermodynamically m saboda karuwa a cikin iyaka yankin na biyu taya lokacin da emulsion aka kafa. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na emulsion, wajibi ne don ƙara kashi na uku - emulsifier don rage yawan makamashi na tsarin. Emulsifier nasa ne na surfactant, babban aikinsa shine ta taka rawar emulsion. A lokaci na emulsion cewa wanzu a matsayin droplets ake kira tarwatsa lokaci (ko ciki lokaci, discontinuous lokaci), da kuma sauran lokaci da aka nasaba tare ake kira watsawa matsakaici (ko m lokaci, m lokaci).
① Emulsifiers da emulsions
Common emulsions, daya lokaci ne ruwa ko aqueous bayani, da sauran lokaci ne Organic abubuwa da ba miscible da ruwa, kamar maiko, kakin zuma, da dai sauransu The emulsion kafa ta ruwa da man za a iya raba iri biyu bisa ga disspersion halin da ake ciki: man fetur. tarwatsa cikin ruwa don samar da nau'in emulsion mai-in-ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin O / W (man / ruwa): ruwan da aka tarwatsa a cikin mai don samar da emulsion mai-in-ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin W / O (ruwa / mai). Rikicin ruwa-a-mai-cikin-ruwa nau'in W/O/W da nau'in mai-cikin-ruwa-a-man O/W/O nau'in nau'in emulsions da yawa kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar.
Emulsifiers Ana amfani da su daidaita emulsions ta rage interfacial tashin hankali da kuma kafa guda-kwayoyin interfacial membrane.
A cikin emulsification na buƙatun emulsifier:
a: Dole ne emulsifier ya sami damar ƙaddamarwa ko wadatar da mu'amala tsakanin bangarorin biyu, don rage tashin hankali na tsaka-tsakin;
b: Dole ne emulsifier ya ba da ɓangarorin zuwa cajin, ta yadda electrostatic repusion tsakanin barbashi, ko samar da wani barga, sosai danko m membrane kewaye da barbashi.
Saboda haka, abu da aka yi amfani da shi azaman emulsifier dole ne ya sami ƙungiyoyin amphiphilic don emulsify, kuma surfactants na iya cika wannan buƙatu.
② Hanyoyin shirye-shirye na emulsions da abubuwan da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali na emulsions
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don shirya emulsions: daya shine amfani da hanyar injiniya don watsar da ruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani ruwa, wanda akasari ana amfani dashi a masana'antu don shirya emulsions; ɗayan kuma shine a narkar da ruwan a cikin yanayin kwayoyin a cikin wani ruwa, sannan a sanya shi ya tattara yadda ya kamata ya samar da emulsion.
A zaman lafiyar wani emulsion ne ikon anti-barbashi tara da take kaiwa zuwa lokaci rabuwa. Emulsions sune tsarin thermodynamically m tsarin tare da babban makamashi kyauta. Don haka, abin da ake kira kwanciyar hankali na emulsion shine ainihin lokacin da ake buƙata don tsarin don isa ga daidaito, watau, lokacin da ake buƙata don rabuwa da ɗaya daga cikin ruwa a cikin tsarin.
Lokacin da membrane interfacial tare da m alcohols, m acids da m amines da sauran iyakacin duniya kwayoyin kwayoyin, membrane ƙarfi muhimmanci mafi girma. Wannan shi ne saboda, a cikin interfacial adsorption Layer na emulsifier kwayoyin da alcohols, acid da amines da sauran iyakacin duniya kwayoyin don samar da wani "rikitarwa", sabõda haka, interfacial membrane ƙarfi ya karu.
Emulsifiers wanda ya ƙunshi sama da biyu surfactants ana kiransu gauraye emulsifiers. Mixed emulsifier adsorbed a ruwa/mai dubawa; intermolecular mataki na iya samar da hadaddun. Saboda ƙarfin aikin intermolecular mai ƙarfi, tashin hankali na tsaka-tsakin yana raguwa sosai, adadin emulsifier adsorbed a cikin dubawa yana ƙaruwa sosai, haɓakar haɓakar membrane na interfacial yana ƙaruwa, ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa.
The cajin na ruwa beads yana da gagarumin tasiri a kan kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Stable emulsions, wanda ake cajin beads ɗin ruwa gabaɗaya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da emulsifier na ionic, ion emulsifier da aka tallata a wurin dubawa yana da rukunin lipophilic ɗin sa a cikin lokacin mai kuma ƙungiyar hydrophilic tana cikin lokacin ruwa, don haka yin cajin beads na ruwa. Kamar yadda emulsion beads tare da wannan cajin, suka tunkude juna, ba sauki agglomerate, sabõda haka, da kwanciyar hankali ya karu. Ana iya ganin cewa mafi yawan ions emulsifier adsorbed a kan beads, mafi girma cajin, mafi girma ikon hana beads daga agglomeration, da karin kwanciyar hankali da emulsion tsarin.
A danko na emulsion watsawa matsakaici yana da wani tasiri a kan kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Kullum, mafi girma da danko na watsawa matsakaici, mafi girma da kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Wannan shi ne saboda danko na matsakaicin watsawa yana da girma, wanda ke da tasiri mai karfi akan motsi na Brownian na beads na ruwa kuma yana jinkirta karo tsakanin beads na ruwa, don haka tsarin ya kasance barga. Yawancin lokaci, abubuwan polymer waɗanda za a iya narkar da su a cikin emulsion na iya ƙara danko na tsarin kuma su sa kwanciyar hankali na emulsion ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, polymers kuma na iya samar da membrane mai ƙarfi na tsaka-tsaki, yana sa tsarin emulsion ya fi tsayi.
A wasu lokuta, ƙari na m foda kuma iya sa emulsion o ƙarin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali. M foda yana cikin ruwa, mai ko dubawa, dangane da mai, ruwa akan ƙarfin jika na foda mai ƙarfi, idan foda mai ƙarfi bai jika da ruwa gabaɗaya ba, amma kuma ta hanyar mai, zai kasance akan ruwa da mai. dubawa.
A m foda ba ya sa emulsion barga saboda foda tattara a dubawa kara habaka da interfacial membrane, wanda shi ne kama da interfacial adsorption na emulsifier kwayoyin, don haka mafi a hankali da m foda abu da aka shirya a dubawa, da mafi barga da emulsion ne.
Surfactants suna da ikon haɓaka haɓakar abubuwan da ba a iya narkewa ko ɗanɗano ruwa mai narkewa bayan sun samar da micelles a cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa, kuma maganin yana bayyane a wannan lokacin. Ana kiran wannan tasirin micele solubilization. Abun da ke iya haifar da solubilization ana kiransa solubilizer, kuma kwayoyin halitta da ke narkewa ana kiran su solubilized.
Kumfa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin wankewa. Kumfa wani tsari ne na watsawa wanda iskar gas ke tarwatsewa a cikin ruwa ko kauri, iskar gas a matsayin lokacin tarwatsewa da ruwa ko kauri a matsayin matsakaicin tarwatsawa, na farko ana kiransa kumfa ruwa, na karshen kuma ana kiransa kumfa mai karfi, irin wadannan. kamar filastik kumfa, gilashin kumfa, siminti mai kumfa da dai sauransu.
(1) Samuwar kumfa
Ta kumfa muna nufin a nan jimillar kumfa na iska wanda wani ruwa mai ruwa ya raba. Irin wannan kumfa ko da yaushe yakan tashi da sauri zuwa saman ruwa saboda babban bambanci a cikin yawa tsakanin lokacin tarwatsa (gas) da matsakaicin watsawa (ruwa), haɗe da ƙananan danko na ruwa.
Hanyar samar da kumfa ita ce shigar da iskar gas mai yawa a cikin ruwa, kuma kumfa a cikin ruwan da sauri ya koma saman, yana samar da tarin kumfa da aka raba da dan karamin adadin ruwa.
Kumfa yana da halaye guda biyu masu mahimmanci dangane da ilimin halittar jiki: ɗayan kumfa a matsayin tarwatsewa lokaci ne sau da yawa polyhedral a cikin siffar, wannan shi ne saboda a tsaka-tsakin kumfa, akwai hali na fim din ruwa zuwa bakin ciki don haka kumfa ya zama. polyhedral, lokacin da fim ɗin ruwa ya yi laushi zuwa wani matsayi, yana haifar da fashewar kumfa; na biyu shi ne tsaftataccen ruwa ba zai iya samar da kumfa mai tsayayye ba, ruwan da zai iya samar da kumfa ya kasance akalla abubuwa biyu ko fiye. Maganin ruwa mai ruwa na surfactants sune tsarin tsarin da ke da wuyar samar da kumfa, kuma ikon su na samar da kumfa yana da alaƙa da wasu kaddarorin.
Surfactants tare da ikon kumfa mai kyau ana kiran su kumfa. Ko da yake wakili mai kumfa yana da kyakkyawan ikon kumfa, amma kumfa da aka kafa bazai iya kiyaye lokaci mai tsawo ba, wato, kwanciyar hankali ba lallai ba ne. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, sau da yawa a cikin wakili na kumfa don ƙara abubuwan da za su iya ƙara yawan kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, ana kiran abin da ake kira stabilizer foam, wanda aka saba amfani dashi shine lauryl diethanolamine da dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) Kwanciyar kumfa
Kumfa shine tsarin rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermodynamically kuma yanayin ƙarshe shine cewa jimlar saman ruwa a cikin tsarin yana raguwa bayan kumfa ya karye kuma makamashin ya ragu. Tsarin zubar da kumfa shine tsarin da membrane na ruwa da ke raba iskar gas ke daɗa kauri da ƙarfi har sai ya karye. Sabili da haka, matakin kwanciyar hankali na kumfa an ƙaddara shi ne ta hanyar saurin fitowar ruwa da ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa. Abubuwan da ke biyo baya kuma suna tasiri akan hakan.
(3) lalata kumfa
Babban ka'idar lalata kumfa ita ce canza yanayin da ke samar da kumfa ko kawar da abubuwan kwantar da hankali na kumfa, don haka akwai hanyoyi na jiki da na sinadarai na lalata.
Defoaming na jiki yana nufin canza yanayin samar da kumfa yayin da ake kiyaye sinadarai na maganin kumfa, irin su rikice-rikice na waje, canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki ko matsa lamba da ultrasonic magani duk hanyoyin jiki ne masu tasiri don kawar da kumfa.
Hanyar lalata kumfa shine ƙara wasu abubuwa don yin hulɗa tare da mai yin kumfa don rage ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa a cikin kumfa don haka rage kwanciyar hankali na kumfa don cimma manufar cire kumfa, irin waɗannan abubuwa ana kiran su defoamers. Yawancin masu defoamers su ne surfactants. Sabili da haka, bisa ga tsarin lalatawa, defoamer ya kamata ya kasance yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don rage tashin hankali na sama, mai sauƙi don yadawa a saman, kuma hulɗar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin tallan tallace-tallace yana da rauni, kwayoyin adsorption da aka shirya a cikin tsari mai sauƙi.
Akwai nau'ikan defoamer iri-iri, amma a zahiri, duk su ba ion sulftants bane. Surfactants marasa ionic suna da abubuwan hana kumfa kusa ko sama da wurin girgijensu kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman masu lalata. Alcohols, musamman barasa tare da tsarin reshe, fatty acids da fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphate esters, silicone oil, da dai sauransu ana amfani da su azaman ƙwararrun masu lalata.
(4) Kumfa da wanka
Babu wata hanyar haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin kumfa da tasirin wankewa kuma adadin kumfa baya nuna tasirin wankewa. Misali, nonionic surfactants suna da ƙarancin kumfa fiye da sabulu, amma lalatawarsu ta fi sabulu kyau.
A wasu lokuta, kumfa na iya taimakawa wajen cire datti da datti. Misali, lokacin wanke jita-jita a cikin gida, kumfa na wanki yana ɗaukar ɗigon mai kuma lokacin goge kafet, kumfa yana taimakawa wajen ɗaukar ƙura, foda da sauran datti. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kumfa a wasu lokuta a matsayin alamar tasiri na kayan wanka. Domin mai mai yana da tasirin hana kumfa na wanki, lokacin da mai ya yi yawa da kuma ɗan wanki kaɗan, ba za a sami kumfa ko kumfa na asali ba. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da kumfa a wasu lokuta a matsayin mai nuna tsaftar kurkura, saboda yawan kumfa a cikin maganin kurkura yana ƙoƙarin ragewa tare da rage yawan abin wankewa, don haka ana iya amfani da adadin kumfa don kimanta matakin kurkura.
A cikin faffadar ma'ana, wankewa shine tsarin cire abubuwan da ba'a so daga abin da za a wanke da kuma cimma wata manufa. Wankewa a cikin ma'anar da aka saba yana nufin tsarin cire datti daga saman mai ɗauka. A wajen wanke-wanke, huldar datti da mai dako tana raguwa ko kuma kawar da ita ta hanyar aikin wasu sinadarai (misali, wanke-wanke, da sauransu), ta yadda za a canza hade da datti da najasa zuwa gaurayawan datti da wanke-wanke. daga karshe an raba datti da mai dako. Kamar yadda abubuwan da za a wanke da dattin da za a cire sun bambanta, wankewa tsari ne mai rikitarwa kuma ana iya bayyana ainihin tsarin wankewa a cikin dangantaka mai sauƙi.
Carrie··Datti + Detergent= Mai ɗaukar kaya + Datti·Detergent
Yawancin lokaci ana iya raba tsarin wankewa zuwa matakai biyu: na farko, a ƙarƙashin aikin na'urar wankewa, datti ya rabu da mai ɗauka; na biyu, dattin da aka keɓe yana tarwatsa kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici. Tsarin wanki wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa kuma dattin da aka tarwatsa kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici kuma ana iya sake juye shi daga matsakaici zuwa abin da ake wankewa. Sabili da haka, mai kyau mai wanki ya kamata ya kasance yana da ikon tarwatsawa da dakatar da datti da kuma hana sake dawowa da datti, ban da ikon cire datti daga mai ɗaukar kaya.
(1) Nau'in kazanta
Ko da abu ɗaya, nau'in, abun da ke ciki da adadin datti na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin da ake amfani da shi. Dattin jikin mai yafi wasu man dabbobi da kayan marmari da kuma ma’adanai (kamar danyen mai, man fetur, kwalta kwal, da sauransu), dattin datti ya fi zoma, toka, tsatsa, bakar carbon da sauransu. akwai datti daga jikin dan adam, kamar gumi, mai, jini, da sauransu; datti daga abinci, kamar tabon 'ya'yan itace, tabon mai dafa abinci, tabon kayan abinci, sitaci, da sauransu; datti daga kayan kwalliya, kamar lipstick, goge ƙusa, da sauransu; datti daga yanayi, kamar zoma, kura, laka, da sauransu; wasu, kamar tawada, shayi, shafa, da sauransu. Ya zo da nau'ikan iri daban-daban.
Yawancin datti iri-iri ana iya raba su zuwa manyan nau'ikan guda uku: datti mai ƙarfi, datti na ruwa da datti na musamman.
① Datti mai ƙarfi
Datti gama gari ya haɗa da barbashi na toka, laka, ƙasa, tsatsa da baƙin carbon. Yawancin waɗannan barbashi suna da cajin lantarki a saman su, yawancinsu ana cajin su mara kyau kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi akan abubuwan fiber. Datti mai ƙarfi gabaɗaya yana da wahalar narkewa cikin ruwa, amma ana iya tarwatsawa kuma a dakatar da shi ta hanyar maganin wanke-wanke. M datti tare da ƙarami taro batu ya fi wuya a cire.
② Datti mai ruwa
Dattin ruwa galibi mai narkewa ne, wanda ya haɗa da mai na shuka da na dabbobi, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mai ma'adinai da oxides. Daga cikin su, shuka da dabba mai, m acid da alkali saponification na iya faruwa, yayin da m alcohols, ma'adinai mai ba saponified da alkali, amma zai iya zama mai narkewa a cikin alcohols, ethers da hydrocarbon Organic kaushi, da wanka ruwa bayani emulsification da watsawa. Dattin ruwa mai narkewa gabaɗaya yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da abubuwan fiber, kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai akan zaruruwa.
③ Datti na musamman
Datti na musamman ya haɗa da sunadaran, sitaci, jini, sigar ɗan adam kamar gumi, sebum, fitsari da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan shayi. Yawancin irin wannan datti na iya zama da sinadarai da karfi a kan abubuwan fiber. Saboda haka, yana da wuya a wanke.
Ba kasafai ake samun nau'ikan datti iri-iri su kadai ba, amma galibi ana hada su wuri guda a lika su a jikin abun. Datti na iya zama wani lokaci oxidized, bazuwa ko ruɓe a ƙarƙashin tasirin waje, don haka ƙirƙirar sabon datti.
(2) Manne da datti
Tufafi, hannaye da sauransu na iya zama tabo saboda akwai wani nau'in mu'amala tsakanin abu da datti. Datti yana manne da abubuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma babu fiye da mannewa na jiki da na sinadarai.
①Adhesion na soot, kura, laka, yashi da gawayi ga tufafi shi ne manne jiki. Gabaɗaya magana, ta hanyar wannan mannewar datti, kuma rawar da ke tsakanin abin da aka tabo yana da rauni sosai, kawar da datti shima yana da sauƙi. Bisa ga daban-daban sojojin, da jiki adhesion na datti za a iya raba zuwa inji mannewa da electrostatic adhesion.
A: Makanikai adhesion
Irin wannan mannewa galibi yana nufin mannewar wasu datti mai datti (misali, kura, laka da yashi). Makullin injin yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi raunin nau'ikan mannewa na datti kuma ana iya cire shi kusan ta hanyar injin kawai, amma lokacin da ƙazanta ya yi ƙanƙanta (<0.1um), yana da wahala a cire.
B: Electrostatic adhesion
Electrostatic mannewa yana bayyana a cikin aikin caje-canjen datti akan abubuwan da aka caje. Yawancin abubuwan fibrous ana caje su a cikin ruwa kuma ana iya yin su cikin sauƙi ta wasu datti mai inganci, kamar nau'ikan lemun tsami. Wasu datti, ko da yake ana cajin su mara kyau, irin su carbon baƙar fata a cikin mafita mai ruwa, na iya manne wa zaruruwa ta hanyar gadoji na ionic (ions tsakanin abubuwa da yawa da aka caje, yin aiki tare da su a cikin gada-kamar hanya) ta hanyar ingantaccen ions a cikin ruwa (misali. , Ca2+, mg2+ da sauransu).
Ayyukan Electrostatic ya fi ƙarfin aikin injiniya mai sauƙi, yana sa cire datti yana da wuyar gaske.
② sinadarin mannewa
Mannewar sinadarai yana nufin al'amarin na datti da ke aiki akan abu ta hanyar haɗin sinadarai ko hydrogen. Misali, polar m datti, furotin, tsatsa da sauran mannewa a kan fiber abubuwa, zaruruwa dauke da carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide da sauran kungiyoyin, wadannan kungiyoyin da m datti m acid, m alcohols ne mai sauki samar da hydrogen bonds. Sojojin sinadarai gabaɗaya suna da ƙarfi kuma dattin yana da ƙarfi sosai ga abu. Irin wannan datti yana da wuya a cire ta hanyoyin da aka saba da su kuma yana buƙatar hanyoyi na musamman don magance shi.
Matsayin mannewa na datti yana da alaƙa da yanayin dattin kansa da yanayin abin da ake riko da shi. Gabaɗaya, barbashi suna mannewa cikin sauƙi zuwa abubuwan fibrous. Ƙananan rubutun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, ƙara ƙarfin mannewa. Datti na Polar akan abubuwa na ruwa kamar auduga da gilashi suna manne da ƙarfi fiye da datti mara iyaka. Dattin da ba na igiya ba yana da ƙarfi fiye da dattin polar, kamar kitsen polar, ƙura da yumbu, kuma ba shi da sauƙin cirewa da tsaftacewa.
(3) Na'urar cire datti
Manufar wankewa shine don cire datti. A cikin wani matsakaici na wani zafin jiki (mafi yawan ruwa). Yin amfani da illolin jiki da sinadarai iri-iri na wanki don raunana ko kawar da tasirin datti da abubuwan da aka wanke, a ƙarƙashin aikin wasu sojojin injiniyoyi (kamar shafa hannu, tashin injin wanki, tasirin ruwa), ta yadda datti da abubuwan da aka wanke. daga manufar lalata.
① Tsarin cire datti na ruwa
A: Jika
Zubar da ruwa yawanci akan mai ne. Mai yana lalata yawancin abubuwan fibrous kuma yana yada ko žasa azaman fim ɗin mai a saman kayan fibrous. Mataki na farko a cikin aikin wankewa shine jigon saman ta hanyar ruwan wanka. Don dalilai na kwatanci, ana iya ɗaukar saman fiber ɗin a matsayin ƙasa mai santsi.
B: Ƙarƙashin mai - tsarin curling
Mataki na biyu a cikin aikin wankewa shine kawar da mai da maiko, kawar da datti na ruwa yana samuwa ta hanyar wani nau'i na coiling. Dattin dattin asali ya kasance a saman saman a cikin nau'in fim ɗin mai shimfidawa, kuma a ƙarƙashin tasirin jika na fifikon ruwan wankewa akan ƙaƙƙarfan farfajiyar (watau fuskar fiber), ya nad'a shi cikin ƙwanƙolin mai mataki-mataki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ƙwanƙwasa. an maye gurbinsu da ruwan wankewa kuma daga ƙarshe ya bar saman ƙarƙashin wasu sojojin waje.
② Hanyar kawar da datti mai ƙarfi
Cire dattin ruwa ya samo asali ne ta hanyar fifikon jika mai ɗaukar datti ta hanyar maganin wankewa, yayin da hanyar kawar da datti ta bambanta, inda aikin wankin ya kasance game da jikawar dattin da kuma saman mai ɗaukarsa ta hanyar wankewa. mafita. Saboda adsorption na surfactants a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta da farfajiyar da ke ɗauke da shi, hulɗar da ke tsakanin datti da saman yana raguwa kuma ƙarfin mannewa na datti a saman yana raguwa, don haka ana samun sauƙin cire datti daga saman. mai ɗaukar kaya.
Bugu da kari, adsorption na surfactants, musamman ion surfactants, a saman dattin datti da mai ɗaukarsa yana da yuwuwar ƙara yuwuwar daɗaɗɗen datti da mai ɗaukarsa, wanda ya fi dacewa da cirewa. datti. Fib mai ƙarfi ko gabaɗaya fibrous yawanci ana caje su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu ruwa da tsaki don haka suna iya samar da yadudduka na lantarki biyu akan ɗimbin datti ko ƙaƙƙarfan saman. Saboda tunkuɗe zargin kamanni, mannewar barbashi na datti a cikin ruwa zuwa saman ƙasa yana raguwa. Lokacin da an ƙara surfactant anionic, saboda yana iya lokaci guda ƙara mummunan tasirin dattin datti da ƙaƙƙarfan farfajiyar, abin ƙyama a tsakanin su yana ƙara haɓaka, ƙarfin mannewa na barbashi yana raguwa, kuma datti ya fi sauƙi don cirewa. .
Non-ionic surfactants ana adsorbed a kan gaba ɗaya cajin m saman kuma ko da yake ba su muhimmanci canza interfacial m, da adsorbed wadanda ba ionic surfactants ayan samar da wani kauri na adsorbed Layer a kan surface wanda taimaka wajen hana redeposition na datti.
A cikin yanayin cationic surfactants, tallan su yana ragewa ko kawar da mummunan tasirin dattin datti da kuma mai ɗaukar nauyinsa, wanda ke rage ƙin da ke tsakanin datti da saman kuma don haka ba shi da kyau don kawar da datti; haka kuma, bayan adsorption a kan m surface, cationic surfactants ayan juya m surface hydrophobic sabili da haka ba su dace da surface wetting sabili da haka wanka.
③ Cire ƙasa ta musamman
Protein, sitaci, sirrin ɗan adam, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan shayi da sauran irin wannan datti suna da wuya a cire tare da surfactants na yau da kullun kuma suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.
Tabon sunadaran kamar kirim, ƙwai, jini, madara da ƙyanƙyasar fata suna tashe a kan zaruruwa da lalacewa kuma suna samun ƙarfi adhesion. Ana iya kawar da ƙazantar furotin ta amfani da proteases. Enzyme Protease yana rushe sunadaran da ke cikin datti zuwa amino acid mai narkewa ko oligopeptides.
Tabon sitaci galibi suna fitowa ne daga kayan abinci, wasu kamar su miya, manne da dai sauransu. Amylase yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan hydrolysis na tabon sitaci, yana haifar da sitaci ya rushe zuwa sukari.
Lipase yana haifar da bazuwar triglycerides, waɗanda ke da wuya a cire su ta hanyoyin al'ada, kamar su sebum da mai, kuma yana karya su zuwa glycerol mai narkewa da fatty acid.
Wasu tabo masu launi daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan shayi, tawada, lipstick da sauransu. galibi suna da wahalar tsaftacewa sosai koda bayan an maimaita wankewa. Ana iya cire waɗannan tabo ta hanyar amsawar redox tare da oxidizing ko rage wakili kamar bleach, wanda ke lalata tsarin ƙungiyoyi masu samar da launi ko launi da kuma lalata su zuwa ƙananan sassa masu narkewa na ruwa.
(4) Injin kawar da tabo na bushewa
Abin da ke sama shine ainihin ruwa a matsayin matsakaicin wankewa. A gaskiya ma, saboda nau'o'in tufafi da tsarin, wasu tufafin da ke amfani da wanke ruwa ba su dace ba ko kuma ba su da sauƙi don wanke tsabta, wasu tufafi bayan wankewa har ma da nakasawa, dushewa, da dai sauransu, misali: yawancin zaruruwan yanayi suna sha ruwa da ruwa. mai sauƙin kumburi, da bushewa da sauƙi don raguwa, don haka bayan wankewa za a lalace; ta hanyar wanke kayan ulu kuma sau da yawa suna bayyana yanayin raguwa, wasu samfuran woolen tare da wanke ruwa shima yana da sauƙin kwaya, canza launi; Wasu siliki na hannaye suna jujjuyawa bayan sun wanke kuma sun rasa kyalli. Don waɗannan tufafi sukan yi amfani da hanyar bushewa don lalata. Abin da ake kira bushewar bushewa gabaɗaya yana nufin hanyar wankewa a cikin kaushi na halitta, musamman a cikin abubuwan da ba na polar ba.
Tsaftace bushewa shine nau'i mai laushi na wankewa fiye da wanke ruwa. Saboda bushewar tsaftacewa baya buƙatar aikin injiniya mai yawa, baya haifar da lalacewa, wrinkling da nakasar tufafi, yayin da busassun tsaftacewa, ba kamar ruwa ba, da wuya ya haifar da fadadawa da raguwa. Muddin ana sarrafa fasahar yadda ya kamata, za a iya bushe tufafin a bushe ba tare da ɓata ba, launin launi da tsawaita rayuwar sabis.
Dangane da bushewar tsaftacewa, akwai datti iri uku.
① Datti mai narkewa mai datti mai narkewa ya haɗa da kowane nau'in mai da maiko, wanda yake ruwa ne ko mai mai kuma ana iya narkar da shi a cikin busassun tsaftacewa.
② Datti mai narkewa Ruwa mai narkewa yana narkewa a cikin mafita mai narkewa, amma ba a cikin busassun tsaftacewa ba, ana adsorbed akan tufafi a cikin yanayin ruwa mai ruwa, ruwa yana ƙafe bayan hazo na daskararrun granular, irin su inorganic salts, sitaci, furotin, da sauransu.
③Oil and water insoluble datti Oil and water insoluble datti ba mai narkewa a cikin ruwa ko mai narkewa a bushe tsaftacewa kaushi, kamar carbon baki, silicates na daban-daban karafa da oxides, da dai sauransu.
Saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan datti daban-daban, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na cire datti a cikin aikin tsaftace bushewa. Ƙasa mai narkewa mai, irin su naman dabbobi da kayan lambu, mai ma'adinai da mai, ana iya narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin abubuwan da ake iya narkewa kuma ana iya cire su cikin sauƙi a bushewa. Kyakkyawan solubility na bushe-tsabtan kaushi don mai da mai da gaske ya fito ne daga sojojin van der Walls tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.
Don kawar da datti mai narkewa kamar salts na inorganic, sugars, proteins da gumi, dole ne a ƙara adadin ruwan da ya dace a cikin ma'aunin tsaftace bushe, in ba haka ba datti mai narkewa da ruwa yana da wuya a cire daga tufafi. Duk da haka, ruwa yana da wuya a narke a cikin busassun bushewa, don haka don ƙara yawan ruwa, kuna buƙatar ƙara surfactants. Kasancewar ruwa a cikin ma'aunin tsaftace bushewa zai iya sa saman datti da tufafi ya zama ruwa, don haka yana da sauƙin yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyin polar na surfactants, wanda ya dace da adsorption na surfactants a saman. Bugu da kari, lokacin da surfactants suka samar da miceles, datti da ruwa mai narkewa da ruwa na iya narkewa cikin micelles. Bugu da ƙari, ƙara yawan abin da ke cikin ruwa na busassun bushe-bushe, masu amfani da surfactants na iya taka rawa wajen hana sake shigar da datti don haɓaka tasirin lalata.
Kasancewar ƙaramin ruwa ya zama dole don cire datti mai narkewa da ruwa, amma ruwa da yawa na iya haifar da murdiya da murɗawa a cikin wasu tufafi, don haka adadin ruwan da ke cikin busassun wakili dole ne ya zama matsakaici.
Dattin da ba mai narkewar ruwa ba ko mai mai, daskararrun barbashi kamar toka, laka, kasa da bakar carbon, gaba daya ana makala wa rigar ta karfin wutar lantarki ko hade da mai. A bushe tsaftacewa, da kwarara na sauran ƙarfi, tasiri zai iya sa electrostatic karfi adsorption na datti kashe, da bushe-tsaftacewa wakili iya narkar da man fetur, sabõda haka, da hade da man fetur da datti da kuma haɗe zuwa tufafi na m barbashi kashe a bushe. -tsaftacewa wakili, bushe tsaftacewa wakili a cikin wani karamin adadin ruwa da surfactants, sabõda haka, waɗanda kashe m datti barbashi iya zama barga dakatar, watsawa, don hana ta sake-deposition zuwa ga tufafi.
(5) Abubuwan da ke shafar aikin wanki
Adsorption na shugabanci na surfactants a wurin dubawa da kuma rage tashin hankali (interfacial) shine babban abubuwan da ke cikin kawar da ruwa ko datti. Duk da haka, tsarin wankewa yana da wuyar gaske kuma tasirin wankewa, ko da tare da nau'in abu ɗaya, yana rinjayar wasu abubuwa masu yawa. Wadannan abubuwan sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da abin wankewa, zafin jiki, yanayin ƙasa, nau'in fiber da tsarin masana'anta.
① Surfactant maida hankali
Miceles na surfactants a cikin bayani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin wankewa. Lokacin da maida hankali ya kai mahimmancin micelle (CMC), tasirin wanke yana ƙaruwa sosai. Sabili da haka, ƙaddamar da kayan wanka a cikin ƙaura ya kamata ya zama mafi girma fiye da darajar CMC don samun sakamako mai kyau na wankewa. Duk da haka, lokacin da maida hankali na surfactant ya fi girma fiye da darajar CMC, karuwar karuwa a cikin tasirin wankewa ba a bayyane yake ba kuma ba lallai ba ne don ƙara yawan ƙwayar surfactant da yawa.
Lokacin cire man fetur ta hanyar solubilization, tasirin solubilization yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan ƙwayar surfactant, koda lokacin da maida hankali ya kasance sama da CMC. A wannan lokacin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da wanka a cikin tsaka-tsakin gida. Misali, idan akwai datti da yawa a kan cuff da kwala na tufa, ana iya shafa ruwan wanka a lokacin wankewa don haɓaka tasirin surfactant akan mai.
②Zazzabi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin lalata. Gabaɗaya, ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana sauƙaƙe kawar da datti, amma wani lokacin yawan zafin jiki yana iya haifar da rashin amfani.
Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana sauƙaƙe yaduwar datti, maiko mai ƙarfi yana sauƙi emulsified a yanayin zafi sama da wurin narkewa da zaruruwa suna ƙaruwa da kumburi saboda karuwar zafin jiki, duk abin da ke sauƙaƙe cire datti. Duk da haka, don ƙananan yadudduka, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke tsakanin zaruruwa suna raguwa yayin da zaruruwan ke fadada, wanda ke da lahani ga cire datti.
Canje-canjen yanayin zafi kuma yana shafar solubility, ƙimar CMC da girman micelle na surfactants, don haka yana shafar tasirin wankewa. Solubility na surfactants tare da dogon carbon sarƙoƙi ne low a low yanayin zafi da kuma wani lokacin solubility ne ko da m fiye da CMC darajar, don haka da wanka zafin jiki ya kamata a tashe daidai. Tasirin zafin jiki akan ƙimar CMC da girman micelle ya bambanta ga ion da ion surfactants. Don surfactants na ionic, haɓakar zafin jiki gabaɗaya yana ƙara ƙimar CMC kuma yana rage girman micelle, wanda ke nufin cewa ya kamata a ƙara maida hankali na surfactant a cikin maganin wankewa. Ga wadanda ba su da ionic surfactants, karuwa a cikin zafin jiki yana haifar da raguwa a cikin darajar CMC da karuwa mai yawa a cikin ƙarar micelle, don haka a bayyane yake cewa haɓakar da ya dace a cikin zafin jiki zai taimaka wa wadanda ba su da ionic su yi amfani da tasirin su. . Koyaya, zafin jiki bai kamata ya wuce wurin girgijensa ba.
A taƙaice, mafi kyawun zafin jiki na wankewa ya dogara da ƙirar sabulu da abin da ake wankewa. Wasu kayan wanke-wanke suna da sakamako mai kyau na wanka a zafin jiki, yayin da wasu suna da bambanci da yawa tsakanin sanyi da wanka mai zafi.
③ Kumfa
Yana da al'ada don rikitar da ikon kumfa tare da tasirin wankewa, gaskanta cewa kayan wankewa tare da babban ƙarfin kumfa yana da tasiri mai kyau na wankewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa babu wata alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin tasirin wankewa da adadin kumfa. Misali, wankewa da ƙananan kayan wanke kumfa ba shi da wani tasiri fiye da wankewa da manyan kayan wanke kumfa.
Kodayake kumfa ba ta da alaƙa kai tsaye da wankewa, akwai lokatai da ke taimakawa wajen cire datti, misali, lokacin wanke jita-jita da hannu. Lokacin goge kafet, kumfa kuma na iya cire ƙura da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan datti, dattin kafet yana da adadi mai yawa na ƙura, don haka ma'aikatan tsabtace kafet yakamata su sami takamaiman ƙarfin kumfa.
Har ila yau, ƙarfin kumfa yana da mahimmanci ga shamfu, inda kumfa mai kyau da ruwa ke samarwa a lokacin wankewa ko wanka yana barin gashin gashi yana jin dadi da jin dadi.
④ Iri-iri na zaruruwa da kaddarorin jiki na yadi
Bugu da ƙari, tsarin sinadarai na zaruruwa, wanda ke rinjayar mannewa da cire datti, bayyanar filaye da tsarin zaren da masana'anta suna da tasiri akan sauƙi na cire datti.
Ma'auni na zaruruwan ulu da lankwasa lebur ɗin zaren auduga sun fi iya tara datti fiye da zaruruwa masu santsi. Alal misali, baƙar fata na carbon da aka sanya a kan fina-finai na cellulose (fim ɗin viscose) yana da sauƙin cirewa, yayin da baƙar fata na carbon da aka yi a kan yadudduka yana da wuya a wanke. Wani misali kuma shi ne, yadudduka masu gajeren fiber da aka yi da polyester sun fi saurin tara tabon mai fiye da yadudduka masu dogon fiber, sannan kuma tabon mai a kan gajerun yadudduka suma sun fi wahalar cirewa fiye da tabon mai akan yadudduka masu dogon fiber.
Yadudduka masu murƙushe da ƙuƙumma, saboda ƙananan rata tsakanin zaruruwa, na iya tsayayya da mamayewa na ƙazanta, amma kuma yana iya hana ruwa mai wankewa don ware datti na ciki, don haka maɗauran yadudduka sun fara tsayayya da datti mai kyau, amma da zarar sun lalace. Wanka shima yafi wahala.
⑤ Taurin ruwa
Matsakaicin ions na Ca2+, Mg2+ da sauran ions na ƙarfe a cikin ruwa yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tasirin wankewa, musamman lokacin da anionic surfactants suka hadu da Ca2+ da Mg2+ ions suna samar da calcium da magnesium salts wadanda basu da narkewa kuma zasu rage karfinsa. A cikin ruwa mai wuya, ko da idan maida hankali na surfactant yana da girma, ƙaddamarwa har yanzu ya fi muni fiye da distillation. Don surfactant don samun sakamako mafi kyau na wankewa, ya kamata a rage yawan ions Ca2+ a cikin ruwa zuwa 1 x 10-6 mol/L (CaCO3 zuwa 0.1 mg/L) ko ƙasa da haka. Wannan yana buƙatar ƙara nau'ikan masu laushi daban-daban zuwa kayan wanka.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-25-2022