1
Contrantationarfin ƙararrawa a kowane tsayi naúrar a farfajiya ana kiransa tashin hankali mai ƙarfi, an auna shi cikin N • M-1.
2
Dukiyar da za ta iya rage tashin hankali na ƙarfi na ƙarfi ana kiran aikin ƙasa, kuma abubuwa tare da ayyukan farfajiya ana kiransu abubuwa masu aiki.
Surfactant koma zuwa abubuwan da ke aiki mai aiki wanda zai iya samar da miceles da sauran tara a cikin mafita, kuma suna da wankewa, emuling, wankewa, wanka, wankewa, wanka, wankewa, wanka, wankewa, wanka, da kuma sauran ayyuka.
3
Surfactant mahadi ne na musamman da kuma kaddarorin na musamman da zai iya canza tashin hankali na tsakanin matakai guda biyu (yawanci ruwa), kuma suna da abubuwan da ke tattare da wankan, da wankewa.
Magungunan magana, surfatants suna da halayyar gama gari da ke dauke da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Endaya daga cikin ƙarshen ƙungiyar da ba ta da-dogon lokaci ba ta da-poulla wacce ke cikin ruwa, amma wacce ba ta cikin ruwa, wacce aka sani da ƙungiyar ta hydrophobic ko rukunin Hydrophobic. Wadannan rukunoni na hydrophobic sune dogon hydrocarbons gabaɗaya, wani lokacin kuma na kwayoyin halitta, gabassichovhophilic rukuni ko rukunin hydrophilic. Groupungiyar Hydrophilic Hyporhilic dole ne ya sami isasshen hydrophilicity don tabbatar da cewa duka surfactant yana da narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana da waƙar da ya dace. Saboda kasancewar kungiyoyin Hydrophili da Hydrophobic a cikin Surfactants, za su iya narkewa a kalla lokaci ɗaya na ruwa. Ana kiran kaddarorin da ake kira da Oleophilic na Surfactants na Surfactants.
4.Types na surfactants
Surfactants sune kwayoyin da suka yi da ke da ƙungiyoyi biyu da hydrophili. Groupsungiyoyin Hydrophobic sun haɗa da dogon-iri na hydrocarbons, kamar su madaidaiciya carbon aloman carbon, yayin da ƙananan bambance-bambance, yayin da akwai ƙarin bambance-bambance Nau'in kungiyoyin hydrophilic. Saboda haka, kaddarorin Surfactants galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Hydrophilic ban da girman da kuma ƙirar ƙungiyoyi na hydrophobic. Hanyoyin canje-canje na kungiyoyi masu hydrophili ne mafi girma daga cikin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic, don haka rarrabuwar sikelin ya dogara da tsarin ƙungiyoyin Hydrophilic. Wannan rarrabuwa yafi bisa ga ko kungiyoyin hydrophilic sune Ionic, rarraba su cikin anionic, hadisi, da ba, da ba, da kuma sauran nau'ikan surfactants na musamman.
5. Halayen Surfactant bayani
① AdsorPtion of Surfactants a cikin musaya
Kayayyakin Surfactant suna da ƙungiyoyi lipophilic da hydrophilic ƙungiyoyi, suna yin sinadarin su na ampholic. Ruwa mai karfi ne. A lokacin da Surfactantantantsan sun narke cikin ruwa, bisa ga ka'idar polarity kamance da ƙarfin ƙwararru, yayin da ƙungiyoyinsu na zamani suna barin ruwa. Sakamakon haka, kwayoyin sefactor (ko ions) adsorb a cikin binciken tsakanin matakai biyu, rage tashin hankali tsakanin matakai biyu. Mafi kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta (ko ions) ana tallata kan dubawa, mafi girma raguwar a cikin tashin hankali ta Interfacial.
② wasu kaddarorin membrane
Matsakaitaccen matsin lamba na Membrane: Surfacts adsorb a cikin binciken mai amfani don samar da wani membrane membrand. Idan an sanya farantin wuta mai iyo a cikin dubawa da farantin mai iyo da farantin dutsen yana tura matsin lamba a kan farantin mai iyo, wanda ake kira matsin lamba.
Kwargwadon farfajiya: Kamar matsin lamba, danko farfajiya shine dukiyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar fina-finai marasa amfani. Dakatar da zobe na platinum tare da bakin ciki karfe waya, sanya jirgin sama ya sadu da ruwa farfajiya na matattarar, juya mai siyar da sannu-siyar da aka hana, da kuma amplitude zobe da aka gabatar, a cewar da za a iya auna shi wajen fitowa, gwargwadon abin da aka daidaita danko. Hanyar ita ce: a farkon gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ruwa mai tsabta, auna amplitude na rufe fuska, sannan kuma lissafta hadewar fuska fuska daga banbanci fuska daga banbanci.
Ingantaccen danko yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi na fuska fuska fuska. Tunda fim ɗin adsorption yana da matsin lamba da kuma danko, dole ne ya zama na roba. A mafi girma matsakaicin matsin lamba da danko na membrane metraft, wanda ya fi girma m modulus. Modulus na roba na fim na adsorabp na ƙasa yana da matukar muhimmanci a kan aiwatar da tsayayyen kumfa.
③ samuwar micelles
A tsararren kayan masarufi na Surfactants na biyo dokokin da suka dace mafita. Adadin adadin Surfactants a saman mafita yana ƙaruwa tare da taro na mafita. Lokacin da maida hankali ya kai ko ya wuce wani darajar, adadin lambobin ba zai ƙara ƙaruwa ba. Wadannan kwayoyin sun wuce kima a cikin mafita suna ɓacin rai ko kasancewa a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Dukansu suna da ka'idoji sun nuna cewa suna tattara abubuwa cikin mafita, waɗanda ake kira miceles.
Millal misali maida hankali: Mafi karancin maida hankali a wace surfactants siffofin micelles a cikin mafita ana kiranta muhammad da yawa.
④ darajar CMC ta gama gari.
6.
HLB tsaye don daidaitaccen LIPOPHIHLILILILIC da Hydrophilic dabi'u na Hydrophilic na Rydrophilic na Surfactant, watau darajar hlb na surfactant. Halin HLB mai girma yana nuna ƙarfi da ƙarfi da rauni lipophilicity na kwayoyin; A akasin wannan, yana da ƙarfin fata da raunin jini.
① Dokoki akan darajar HLB
Darajar HLB ce ƙimar dangi, don haka lokacin da aka tsara darajar HLB, a matsayin daidaitaccen darajar ƙwayar cuta ba tare da ƙimar ƙimar ruwa ba tare da ƙimar ƙwararrun ruwa ba gaba ɗaya a cikin kewayon 1-40. Gabaɗaya magana, emulsifiers tare da dabi'un HLB kasa da 10 sune lipophilic, yayin da emulfifers tare da ƙimar HLB mafi girma fiye da 10 sune Hydrophilic 10 sune Hydrophilic 10 sune hydrophilic dabi'u. Sabili da haka, juyawa daga Lipophilicity zuwa Hydrophilicity shine kimanin 10.
7. Emulsification da Magani Tasirin
Hanyoyi biyu na rigakafi, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar watsawa barbashi (droplets ko lu'ulu'u ko lu'ulu'u) a ɗayan, ana kiran emulsions. A lokacin da samar da emulsion, yankin intracial tsakanin kwayoyin guda biyu ke ƙaruwa, yin tsarin zafin jiki ba shi da tabbas. Don hana emulsion, bangarori na uku - Emulsifier - yana buƙatar ƙara don rage ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin. Emulsifiers kasancewar Surfactants, kuma babban aikin su shine yin emulsifiers. Tsarin da ke cikin ruwa a cikin emulsion ana kiranta da aka tarwatsa kashi (ko kuma lokaci na ciki, dakatar da lokaci tare ana kiranta da matsakaici (ko kashi na waje, ci gaba da lokaci).
①ulsifiers da emulsions
Emulsions gama gari ya ƙunshi kashi ɗaya na ruwa ko mafita na ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma mai da Emulsion da ruwa, man da aka hana a cikin ruwa da ruwa, watsawa da O / W ya wakilta ta O / W WET O / W (WU); Ruwa ya tarwatsa a cikin mai mai a ruwa a cikin emulsion, wanda aka wakilta w / o (ruwa / man). Bugu da kari, hadaddun ruwa a cikin ruwa a ruwa w / o / w da mai a cikin ruwa a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a cikin mai a mai
The emulsifier ya daidaita emulsion ta rage tashin hankali na intfacial da samar da abin rufe fuska.
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na Emulsifiers a cikin Emulsification: A: emulsifiers dole ne ya iya yin adasb ko kuma yana zuwa wajen dubawa tsakanin manyan matakai biyu, rage tashin hankali na Interfactial; B: Evulssifers dole ne ya ba da barbashi na lantarki, yana haifar da karfin lantarki a cikin barbashi ko samar da madaidaiciyar fim ɗin da ke kewaye da barbashi. Don haka, abubuwa da aka yi amfani da su azaman emulsifers dole ne su sami ingantattun kungiyoyi don samun tasirin emulsiyarts, da kuma Suriacts na iya biyan wannan buƙata.
Hanyoyin emulsions da abubuwan da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali emulsion
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don shirya emulsions: ɗaya shine amfani da hanyoyin injin da za a watsa shi cikin kananan kayan, wanda ake amfani dashi a masana'antar shirya emulsions; Wata hanyar ta narke ruwa a cikin wani yanki na kwayar halitta sannan a barshi ya tara emulsion.
Dankan emulsions yana nufin iyawarsu na tsayayya da haduwa da rarrabuwar lokaci. Emulsions sune tsarin da babu makawa da yawa tare da mahimmancin kuzari kyauta. Sabili da haka, kwanciyar hankali na emulsion a zahiri yana nufin lokacin da ake buƙata don tsarin don isa ga ma'auni, wannan shine, lokacin da ake buƙata don ruwa a cikin tsarin don rabewa.
Lokacin da aka sami kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta kamar giya mai shan giya, kitse acid da mai, ƙarfin membrane yana ƙaruwa sosai. Wannan saboda kwayoyin emulfifier a cikin aikin emulrace Adsorples na dubawa kamar giya, acid da kuma Amine don samar da "hadaddun", wanda ke kara karfi na abin rufe fuska fuska.
Emulsifiers ya ƙunshi Surfactants guda biyu ko fiye ana kiransu gauraye emulsifiers. Murmushi emulsifiers Adsb a kan ruwa / mai dubawa, da kuma ma'amala mai ban sha'awa na iya samar da hadaddun. Saboda ingantaccen intanet, tashin hankali yana raguwa sosai, adadin emulsifier addorbed akan mai mahimmanci ya ƙaru.
Cajin ruwa na digo yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan kwanciyar hankali na emulsions. Tsananin emulsions yawanci suna da droplets tare da cajin lantarki. A lokacin da amfani da ionic emulsifiers, emultididier ions adsorbed akan mai amfani da su Lipphilic ƙungiyoyinsu, yayin da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilihili ne a cikin lokacin ruwa, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic suke cikin ruwa, don haka yin droplets da aka caje. Saboda gaskiyar cewa droples na emulsion suna ɗaukar caji iri ɗaya, suna bin juna kuma ba a sauƙaƙe agglomerated, sakamakon ya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali. Ana iya ganin cewa mafi yawan emulsifier ions gargaded a kan droplets, da mafi girman aikinsu, da mafi girman su na hana driplet coulescence, yin tsarin emulsion more barga.
Maganin ƙwayar emulsion na matsakaici yana da wani tasiri a kan kwanciyar hankali emulsion. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman danko na matsakaiciyar matsakaici, mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Wannan saboda danko na watsawa yana da girma, wanda ke hana motsi tsakanin ruwa, kuma yana riƙe da tsarin tsayayye. Abubuwa polymer waɗanda yawanci suna narkewa a cikin emulsions na iya ƙara danko na tsarin kuma yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Bugu da kari, polymer kuma zai iya samar da daskararren fuska fuska, yana yin tsarin emulsion mafi barga.
A wasu halaye, ƙara m foda zai iya daidaita emulsion. M foda na m ba a cikin ruwa, man ko a cikin dubawa, dangane da ikon wetting na mai da ruwa a kan m foda. Idan m foda bai cika da ruwa da man fetur gaba daya ba, zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin dandalin man ruwa.
Dalilin da ya sa m foda bai yi riko da emulsion shi ne cewa foda ya tattara a cikin binciken ba ya karfafa maskar da ke cikin gyaran ciki, wanda yayi kama da Interface Moleshin kwayoyin Emulshier. Saboda haka, kusa da m barbashi foda ana shirya shi a cikin dubawa, da kuma barga mai rauni emulsion zai zama.
Surfactants suna da ikon ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin da ke cikin ruwa a cikin ruwa bayan an tabbatar da microelles a cikin mafi yawan lokuta a wannan lokacin. Ana kiran wannan tasirin micriles. Surfacts wanda zai iya samar da tasirin slubilizing ana kiranta Sezubal, da mahadi na kwayoyin da ake kira da ƙwayoyin cuta.
8. Foam
Kumfa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Wanke. Foam kumfa yana nufin tsarin watsawa a cikin abin da iskar gas ke tarwatsa cikin ruwa ko m. Gas shine tsarin watsawa, da ruwa ko mai ƙarfi shine matsakaiciyar matsakaici. Tsohon ana kiranta mai ruwa mai ruwa, yayin da ƙarshen ana kiranta kumfa mai ƙarfi, kamar gilashin filastik, gilashin kumfa, ciminti kumfa, da sauransu. Ciminti
(1) samuwar kumfa
Game da ke nan yana nufin tarin kumfa daban da fim din ruwa. Sakamakon babban bambanci a cikin yawa tsakanin lokaci-lokaci na tarwatsa (ruwa), da ƙarancin danko), da ƙarancin danko) na iya tashi zuwa matakin da sauri.
Tsarin forming kumfa shine kawo adadin gas a cikin ruwa, kuma kumfa a cikin ruwa komawa zuwa cikin ruwa mai sauri da kuma gas da gas
Foam yana da halaye guda biyu a cikin ilimin halittar jiki: daya shine kumfa kamar yadda aka watsa shi na kumfa don zama bakin ciki, yana haifar da kumfa polypheral. Lokacin da fim ɗin ruwa ya zama mai zurfi zuwa wani gwargwadon, kumfa zai karye; Na biyu, tsarkakakkiyar ruwa ba zata iya samar da kumfa mai kyau ba, amma ruwa wanda zai iya samar da kumfa ne aƙalla biyu ko fiye. Maganin ruwa mai ruwa na ruwa na Surfactant shine tsarin hali na hali mai sauƙi don samar da kumfa, kuma iyawarsa na samar da kumfa kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran kaddarorin.
Surfacts tare da kyawawan kayayyaki masu kyau ana kiransu wakilan wasanni. Kodayake wakilin kumfa yana da ƙarfin damfara mai kyau, da aka samar da kumfa bazai iya kula da dogon lokaci ba, wannan shine kwanciyar hankali bazai yi kyau ba. Don kula da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, wani abu ne wanda zai iya ƙara dayewa na kumfa ana sau da yawa a cikin wakilin kumfa, wanda ake kira mai kunnawa. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da kayan kwalliyar kayan girke-girke na kayan girke-girke da Dodecyl Dimemeth Ame Oroide.
(2) kwanciyar hankali na kumfa
Foam tsarin m tsarin m, kuma yanayin karshe shine cewa jimlar farfajiyar ruwa a cikin tsarin yana raguwa bayan kumburin kumburi bayan fashewa. Tsarin defoamation shine tsari wanda ruwa mai ruwa raba canje-canjen gas har sai da ruptures. Sabili da haka, kwanciyar hankali na coam an ƙaddara shi da saurin fitarwa da ƙarfi fim na ruwa. Akwai wasu maganganu masu tasiri.
① tashin hankali
Daga maɓallin makamashi, ƙananan tashin hankali ya fi dacewa da samuwar kumfa, amma ba zai iya ba da garantin kwanciyar hankali ba. Rashin tashin hankali mai rauni, ƙarancin matsi, jinkirin ruwa mai ruwa, da kuma jinkirin fim ɗin fim ɗin ruwa mai ɗaukar ruwa ne mai dacewa ga dadadin kumfa.
② danko mai danko
Mai mahimmancin mahimmancin kututture shine ƙarfin fim na ruwa, wanda aka ƙaddara da ƙarfi na fim ɗin farfajiya, wanda aka auna ta hanyar danko. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa kumfa wanda mafita tare da ingantaccen danko yana da tsawon rai. Wannan saboda hulɗa tsakanin kwayoyin adanawa a farfajiya suna kaiwa ga ƙarfin ƙarfin kumfa, don haka inganta rayuwar kumfa.
③ danko mai kyau
Lokacin da danko da kanta yana ƙaruwa, ruwa a cikin fim ɗin ruwa ba shi da sauƙi a cire shi, da kuma rage lokacin fim ɗin fim ɗin da ke da sauri, wanda ya ba da lokacin dunkulewar fim ɗin.
④ 'gyara' na tashin hankali
Surfacts adsorbed a farfajiya na ruwa fim suna da ikon yin tsayayya da fadada ko ƙanƙantar da surface fim, wanda muke nufi da tasirin gyara. Wannan saboda akwai fim ɗin ruwa mai ruwa na surfactantsan Surfactantsan Surfactantsan Surfactants adasorbed a farfajiya, kuma faɗaɗa yankin kwayoyin halittu da kuma ƙara tashin hankali. Ofarin fadada farfajiya zai buƙaci ƙoƙari mafi girma. Tallace-tsaren da ya dace, yanayin ƙasa shrinkage zai ƙara yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin a farfajiya, rage tashin hankali na farfajiya da hana karin shasha.
⑤ yaduwar gas ta hanyar fim mai ruwa
Saboda wanzuwar matsakaicin matsi, matsin lamba na karamin kumfa a cikin kumfa don yadudduka, babban kumfa ya zama ya fi girma, kuma daga ƙarshen kumfa. Idan an ƙara Surfactant, kumfa zai zama daidaituwa da m lokacin da foaming, kuma ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne a shafe. Tunda Surfactant ya shirya sosai a kan fim mai ruwa, yana da wuya a bar iska ta shiga, wanda ke sa kumfa mafi barga.
⑥ Tasirin cajin
Idan aka cajin fim din nan da alama iri biyu, saman biyu na fim din ruwa na ruwa zai dage juna, yana hana fim fim daga thinning ko ma hallaka. Ionic Surfacts na iya samar da wannan sakamako mai ɗorewa.
A ƙarshe, ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa shine babban mahimmancin mahimmancin abubuwan damisa. A matsayinka na Surfactant don fifiku wakilai da kumfa mai karfin takin, thence da kuma daidaito na farfajiyar kwayoyin halittu sune mafi mahimmancin mahimman mahimmanci. Lokacin da hulɗa tsakanin kwayoyin kwayoyin a farfajiya yana da ƙarfi, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi ga fage na fuska, kuma kauri daga fim ɗin da yake da sauki, kuma kauri daga fim ɗin ruwa mai sauƙin kiyayewa. Bugu da kari, a hankali shirya manyan kwayoyin samaniya zasu iya kuma rage girman kwayoyin kwayoyin halittar da su kara kwanciyar hankali na kumfa.
(3) lalata kumfa
Asali na ka'idar lalata kumfa mai kyau shine canza yanayin samar da kumfa ko kawar da abubuwan da suka dace na kumfa, don haka akwai hanyoyin da zasu iya shayarwa biyu, jiki da sunadarai.
Defoaming na zahiri shine canza yanayin wanda aka samar da kumfa yayin da muke rike da kayan sunadarai na maganin da ba zai canza ba. Misali, hargitsi da karfi na waje, zazzabi ko canjin matsin lamba da kuma kula da ultrasonic dukkanin hanyoyin samar da jiki don kawar da kumfa.
Hanyar sinadarai ta sinadarai ita ce ƙara wasu abubuwa don yin hulɗa tare da mai ɗorewa, don rage kwanciyar hankali na kumfa don cimma manufar lalata. Ana kiran waɗannan abubuwa masu ma'ana. Mafi yawan shuwagabannin su ne Surfactants. Sabili da haka, gwargwadon tsarin defoaming, an yanke masu da yawa don samun ƙarfi don rage yawan kwayoyin halittar, kuma suna da ma'amala a kan tsarin kwayoyin halittun gargajiya na adsorbed kwayoyin.
Akwai nau'ikan shafe-zane daban-daban, amma sun kasance semactants da ba su zama ba. Abubuwan da ba su dace da su ba suna da kaddarorin da ke kusa da su ko sama da inda suka ga girgije kuma ana amfani da su kamar yadda aka saba amfani da su. Abubuwan barasa, musamman ma waɗanda tare da tsarin sa reporters, polyames, phosphone, phosphone mai, ana amfani da man silicone, da sauransu, ana amfani da su a matsayin kyakkyawan wasoames.
(4) kumfa da wanka
Babu dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin kumfa da kuma wanka mai wanka, da kuma adadin kumfa ba ya nufin cewa tasirin wanke yana da kyau ko mara kyau. Misali, wasan kwaikwayon da ba na tanki na ba ionic ya fi ƙaranci don sabulu ba, amma ikon tsaftace su ya fi sabulu sosai.
A wasu halaye, kumfa yana da taimako a cikin cire datti. Misali, lokacin da ke wanke kayan aiki a gida, kumfa na abin sha zai iya kawar da gawar da aka wanke; A lokacin da goge magana, kumfa yana taimakawa cire datti mai rauni kamar ƙura da foda. Bugu da kari, wani lokaci ana iya amfani dashi azaman alama ce ta ko abin da bututun mai tasiri, saboda mai mai mai mai iya hana kumfa na abin sha. Lokacin da akwai mayuka da mai da yawa kuma kadan abin sha, babu wani kumfa ko na asali zai shuɗe. Wani lokacin, ana iya amfani da kumfa azaman mai nuna alama na ko rinsing yana da tsabta. Saboda yawan kumfa a cikin maganin da ke haifar yana raguwa tare da rage abun cikin abin wanka, ana iya kimanta digiri na renan ruwa.
9. Tsarin wanka
A cikin babbar hankali, wanka shine aiwatar da cire abubuwan da ba'a so daga abin da ake wanke shi da kuma cimma wani dalili. Wanke a cikin tunanin da aka saba nufi game da cire datti daga saman mai ɗaukar kaya. A lokacin wanka, hulɗa tsakanin datti da mai ɗaukar nauyi ko an cire shi ta hanyar datti da mai saitawa, ƙarshe yana haifar da datti da mai ɗaukar hoto don zama. Kamar yadda abubuwan da za a wanke da datti da za a cire su ne bambanci, wankewa tsari ne mai rikitarwa, da kuma ingantaccen tsari na washe
Carrier • datti + datti = datti + datti • datti
Za'a iya raba tsarin Wanke zuwa matakai biyu: ɗaya shine rabuwa da datti da mai ɗaukar nauyin aikin abin sha; Na biyun shine cewa datti da aka katse kuma an dakatar dashi kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici. Tsarin Wanke shine tsari mai juyawa, kuma datti wanda aka watsa ko an dakatar shi a cikin matsakaici na iya sake mamaye daga matsakaici. Sabili da haka, kyakkyawan abin wanka bai kamata kawai ikon cire datti ba daga mai ɗauka, amma kuma yana da kyakkyawar ikon watsa da dakatar da adon sake.
(1) nau'ikan datti
Ko da don iri ɗaya, nau'in, abun da ke ciki, da kuma yawan datti zai bambanta dangane da yanayin amfani. Mace jikin mutum yakan hada da dabba da kayan lambu, da kuma mai daga jikin mutum, kamar yadda yake da gumi daga jikin mutum, kamar yadda yake da gumi daga jikin mutum, kamar gumi, da gumi, jini, da sauransu; Ranta daga abinci, kamar 'ya'yan itace stains, stain oiled mai yaduwa, stailan kayan yaji, sitaci, da sauransu; Datti da kayan kwalliya, kamar lifstick da ƙusa goge; Ranta daga yanayin, kamar hayaki, ƙura, ƙasa, da sauransu; Sauran kayan kamar tawada, shayi, fenti, da dai sauransu. Ana iya faɗi cewa akwai nau'ikan daban-daban da daban.
Yawancin nau'ikan datti na iya raba su zuwa kashi uku: datti datti, datti ruwa, da datti na ruwa, da datti na ruwa, da datti na ruwa, da datti na ruwa.
Ditt, dattijun datti ya haɗa da barbashi kamar ash, laka, ƙasa, tsatsa, da carbon baki. Yawancin waɗannan barbashi suna da cajin farfajiya, mafi yawan mara kyau, kuma ana sauƙaƙe a sauƙaƙe a kan abubuwan fibrous. Gabaɗaya, ƙazanta mai rauni yana da wuya a narkar da ruwa, amma ana iya tarwatsa shi da dakatar da mafita ta hanyar abin sha. M datti tare da ƙananan barbashi yana da wahalar cirewa.
② datti mai narkewa ne mai narkewa, ciki har da dabba mai mai, giya mai, giya mai ɗorawa. Daga cikinsu, dabba da kayan lambu da kitse na mai, yayin da ba za a iya saukar da giya da alkyali, kuma za a soke ta hanyar maganin ma'adinai. Mai narkewa ruwa mai narkewa yana da karfi mai hulɗa tare da fibrous abubuwa da adsorbs tabbatacce kan zaruruwa.
③ datti na musamman ya haɗa da furotin, jini, fitsari, fitsari, da mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace iya ƙarfi da adsorb akan halayen sunadarai. Saboda haka, wanke yana da wuya.
Yawancin nau'ikan datti da da wuya a sami shi kaɗai, sau da yawa sun haɗu tare kuma suna adaske tare akan abubuwa. Dirtize wani lokacin da iskar oxidize, bazu, ko lalata a cikin tasirin waje, sakamakon haifar da sabon datti.
(2) tasirin datti
Dalilin da ya sa sutura, hannaye, da sauransu. na iya samun datti shine saboda akwai wasu ma'amala tsakanin abubuwa da datti. Akwai tasirin datti daban-daban na datti a kan abubuwa, amma galibi suna da tsararraki na zahiri da kuma mashin sunadarai.
① Adadin jiki na sigari na sigari, ƙura, laka, carbon baƙi, da sauran abubuwa don sutura. Gabaɗaya magana, hulɗa tsakanin datti da kuma abin gurbataccen abu yana da rauni sosai, kuma cire datti ma yana da sauƙi. Dangane da runduna daban-daban, za a iya raba tsinkayen datti na datti na inji da m kari na lantarki da kuma tasirin lantarki.
A: Ingheion na inji galibi yana nufin m datti dankalin turawa kamar ƙura da ƙura. Adadin na inji shi ne rauni m hanyar datti, wanda kusan za'a iya cire shi ta hanyar hanyoyin injiniya mai sauki. Koyaya, lokacin da girman barbashi ya karami (<0.1), ya fi wahala a cire.
B: Mafi yawan tasirin abin dautan lantarki ya bayyana ne ta hanyar aiwatar da cajin barbashi akan abubuwa tare da tuhumar akasarin caji. Mafi yawan abubuwan fibrous suna ɗaukar mummunan caji a cikin ruwa kuma ana iya sauƙaƙe a sauƙaƙe datti kamar datti kamar lemun tsami. Wasu datti, ko da yake an tuhumi marasa kyau, kamar carbon baƙar fata, suna iya manne da ke cikin ruwa mai yawa, suna aiki kamar gadoji da yawa, suna aiki kamar gadoji.
Lantarki na Staticaukaka tana da ƙarfi fiye da sauƙaƙe na inji mai sauƙi, sanya ta zama da wahala cire ƙazanta.
③ cire datti na musamman
Protein, starch, human secretions, fruit juice, tea juice and other types of dirt are difficult to remove with general surfactants and require special treatment methods.
Abubuwan sunadari kamar su cream, qwai, jini, jini, da kuma mashin fata, da kuma fata, da kuma fare-fentita, da kuma m akan zaruruwa, da kuma morei sosai. Don fannoni na furotin, ana iya amfani da kariya don cire shi. Karara na iya rushe sunadarai a cikin datti a cikin amino acid ruwa ko opigopeptide.
Stoach staine yafi zo daga abinci, yayin da wasu kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace, manna, da dai sauransu enathalymes na hydrolymes na sitater stains.
Lipase na iya catalyze da bazuwar wasu triglyceries wanda ke da wahalar cire ta hanyoyin da mutum, da sauransu, don rushe m da acid glycoler da mai acid.
Wasu yankuna masu launin sakanowa daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan' ya'yan itace, tawada, tawada, incstick, da dai sauransu galibi suna da matukar tsabta ko da bayan wanke wanka. Ana iya cire wannan nau'in taskar ta hanyar halayen ragewa ta amfani da oxidan ko haɓaka ƙungiyoyin chromophore ko kuma lalata su cikin ƙananan kayan aikin ruwa mai narkewa.
Daga hangen bushewar tsabtatawa, akwai nau'ikan datti guda uku.
Me datti datti ya hada da mai da mai da mai, wanda ke ruwa ko mai laushi da narkewa a cikin tsabtataccen tsaftacewa a cikin tsabtatawa.
Morlurble datti mai narkewa yana narkewa a cikin mafita mai ruwa, amma insolable a cikin wakilan tsabtatawa na ruwa. Yana da adassorbs a kan sutura a cikin hanyar mafi-ruwa bayani, kuma bayan ruwan ya bushe, granular daskararru kamar kayan ado, sitaci, sunadarai.
A ruwan shafa mai ban mamaki a cikin ruwa mai tsaftacewa a cikin ruwa da kuma bushe tsabtatawa, kamar carbon baƙi, ƙarfe na silbics, da oxides silsiss, da oxidd.
Saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan datti daban daban, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na cire datti a lokacin tsabtatawa tsabtatawa. Murrus mai narkewa, kamar dabbobi da man kayan lambu, man ma'adinai, da mai, suna cikin sauƙi mai sauƙaƙe a cikin abubuwan da aka kwantar da hankali kuma ana iya cire shi cikin sauƙi yayin tsabtatawa. Madalla da solubility na daskararren abubuwan da aka yanke don mai da man shafawa da gaske ne saboda sojojin Van Der Wahallai na tsakanin kwayoyin.
Don cire datti mai narkewa kamar inorganic, sugars, sunadarai, inna da wajibi ne don ƙara adadin tsabtatawa mai ruwa, inna gumi, datti mai santsi yana da wahalar cire daga sutura. Amma ruwa yana da wahala a narke a cikin wakilan tsabtatawa bushe, saboda haka don ƙara yawan ruwa, ana buƙatar ƙara ɓarnart. Ruwa ya gabatar a cikin wakilan tsabtatawa na tsaftacewa zai iya murkushe datti da kuma farfadowa da sutura, wanda yake da amfani ga kungiyar POLAR, wanda ke da amfani ga adsorction of Surfactants a farfajiya. Bugu da kari, lokacin da Surfactants siffofin miceles, datti mai narkewa da ruwa za a iya yin narkewa a cikin micelles. Surfacts ba zai iya ƙara kawai ruwan abun ciki a cikin tsabtatawa bushe ba, amma kuma hana report of datti don haɓaka tasirin tsabtatawa.
Kasancewar karamin adadin ruwa ya zama dole saboda cire datti mai ruwa mai narkewa, amma ruwa mai yawa na iya haifar da wasu tufafi don lalata, alagammana a cikin bushe don maganin girkewa dole ne ya zama matsakaici.
M, laka, ƙasa, da carbon baki, wanda ba ruwan sanyi ba, gabaɗaya yana da ruwa-mai narkewa ko kuma haɗuwa da ƙyallen mai. A cikin tsabtatawa bushe, kwarara da tasiri na sauran ƙarfi na iya haifar da datti gargaɗin mai, yayin da wakilai masu tsabta zasu iya soke wa kayan mai don faduwa daga wakilin tsabtatawa. Kananan adadin ruwa da surfactants a cikin tsarin tsabtatawa bushe na iya hanzarta dakatarwa kuma watsa su m m barbashin marasa ƙarfi da ke faɗuwa, yana hana su ajiye mayafin a kan riguna.
(5) Abubuwa 5 da suka shafi tasirin wanke
Adadin Tsarin Surfactants a cikin ke dubawa a cikin dubawa da rage tashin hankali (Interfacial) shine manyan abubuwan da dalilai na cire ruwa ko m foacal. Amma tsarin wanki ya kasance mai rikitarwa, har ma da wanke wanke irin wannan nau'in abin wanka shine wasu dalilai da yawa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da taro na abin wanka, zazzabi, yanayin datti, nau'in fiber, da kuma tsarin masana'anci.
① maida hankali kan surfactants
Kullum na Surfactants a cikin mafita taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Washe tsari. Lokacin da maida hankali ya kai ga maida hankali kanzarin micelle (CMC), sakamako na wanke yana ƙaruwa sosai. Sabili da haka, taro na wanka a cikin sauran ƙarfi ya kamata ya fi darajar CMC don samun sakamako mai kyau. Koyaya, lokacin da aka maida hankali da Surfactants ya wuce darajar CMC, da karuwar sakamako ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci, kuma ƙara yawan wuce haddi cikin tiyata ba shi da mahimmanci.
A lokacin da amfani da Solubilization don cire stains na mai, koda kuwa maida hankali ya sama da darajar CMC, da tasirin da za a iya ƙaruwa tare da karuwar taro na surfactant. A wannan lokacin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da abin da ya shafa a gida, kamar a kan cuffs da kuma sutturar tufafi inda akwai datti da yawa. A lokacin da wanka, ana iya amfani da wani Layer na abin wanka da farko don inganta tasirin Surfactants kan ƙyallen mai.
② zazzabi yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan tasirin tsabtatawa. Gabaɗaya, ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana da amfani don cire datti, amma wani lokacin yakan wuce kima har ila yau da kullun zai iya haifar da dalilai marasa ƙarfi.
Karuwa a cikin zafin jiki yana da amfani ga watsawa da datti. Ana sauƙaƙe hannayen man mai sauƙi a cikin sauƙi lokacin da yawan zafin jiki yake sama da melting Points, da kuma kungiyoyi suma suna haɓaka matsayin fadada saboda karuwar zazzabi. Waɗannan dalilai duk suna da amfani ga cire datti. Koyaya, don m yadudduka, micro gibin, micro micro an rage bayan fadada fiber, wanda ba ya dain ga cire datti.
Canje-canje na zazzabi kuma suna shafar ƙima, CMC darajar, da kuma girman ƙirar surfactants, ta hanyar ta shafi iskar wanke. Long Carbon sarkar Sadarwar suna da ƙananan ƙila a yanayin zafi, kuma wani lokacin ma ƙananan ƙwallafa fiye da darajar CMC. A wannan yanayin, wankewar zazzabi ya kamata a ƙara ƙaruwa daidai. Tasirin zazzabi a kan darajar CMC da girman micelle ya bambanta ga ionic da ba ionic Surfacts. Don ionic surfactants, karuwa a cikin zazzabi gabaɗaya yana haifar da ƙaruwa a darajar CMC da raguwar girman micelle. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya maida hankali da surfactants ya kamata a ƙara ƙaruwa a cikin iskar wanka. Ga surfactants na ba ionic, ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana haifar da raguwa a darajar CMC da kuma haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana iya ganin cewa yadda ya dace da haɓaka zazzabi da ba zai iya taimaka wa Surfactants ɗin da ba ionic yana magana da aikinsu. Amma zazzabi bai wuce ga girgije ba.
A takaice, mafi dacewa wanke zafin jiki yana da alaƙa da dabara na abin wanka da abun da ake wanke. Wasu kayan wanka suna da tasirin tsabtatawa a zazzabi a ɗakin, yayin da wasu kayan wanka suke da matukar tasiri tsabtatawa don wanka mai sanyi da zafi.
Foam
Mutane sukan rikice abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓaka tare da sakamako mai wanka, a gaskata abin da ba shi da ƙarfi da ƙarfin damfara mai ƙarfi. Sakamakon yana nuna cewa sakamako na wanke ba da alaƙa da yawan kumfa ba. Misali, ta amfani da kayan wanka mai ƙarancin wanki don wanka ba shi da isasshen wanka fiye da kayan wanka mai ban sha'awa.
Dukda cewa kumfa ba da alaƙa da wanka da wanka ba, har yanzu yana taimakawa cire datti a wasu yanayi. Misali, kumfa na wankin ruwa zai iya ɗaukar saukad da mai yayin wanke kwano da hannu. A lokacin da goge magana, kumfa kuma iya ɗaukar m m masara kamar ƙura. Lissafin ƙura don babban adadin datti, don haka tsabtace kifi ya kamata ya sami wani ikon boaming.
Powerarfin Foaming kuma yana da mahimmanci ga shamfu. Kyakkyawan kumfa da ruwa wanda ruwa ko wanke gashi ko wankin yana sa mutane su ji daɗi.
Sauƙaƙe na zaruruwa da kayan jiki na ɗabi'a
Baya ga sinadarai na fibers da suka shafi tasirin da kuma cire datti, bayyanar kibobi da ƙirar 'yan fashi da kuma yadudduka kuma suna da tasiri ga wahalar cire datti.
Sikeli na ulu zaruruwa da kuma lebur strim kamar tsarin zaruruwa na auduga sun fi yiwuwa tara datti fiye da laima. Misali, carbon baki ~ acid to fim din cel (m fim) yana da sauƙin cirewa, yayin da carbon baki bin zuwa auduga masana'anta yana da wuya a wanke. Misali, gajeren masana'antar fiber sun fi yiwuwa a tara sinadan mai fiye da sassan firikwenan fix ma sun fi wahala a cire fiye da waɗanda ke yadudduka na fiber.
Tighly twisted yarns da m yadudduka, saboda karamar micro micro, zai iya tsayayya da mamayewa na datti, amma kuma yana hana maganin tsabtatawa daga cire datti. Saboda haka, mabbai suna da kyakkyawan juriya da datti a farkon, amma kuma yana da wuya a iya tsaftace sau da yawa gurbata.
⑤ Hard na ruwa
A maida hankali ne na ions na karfe kamar Ca2 + da MG2 + A cikin ruwa mai mahimmanci tare da talauci, wanda zai iya rage ikon tsabtatawa. Ko da maida hankali ne na surfactants yana da yawa cikin ruwa mai wuya, tasirin tsabtace su har yanzu ya fi muni cikin distillation. Don cimma nasarar wanka na Surfacts, maida hankali na Ca2 + ions cikin ruwa ya kamata a rage zuwa a ƙasa 1 × 10-6mol / l (Caco3 ya kamata a rage zuwa 0.1mg / l). Wannan yana buƙatar ƙara abubuwa daban-daban ga abin sha.
Lokaci: Aug-16-2024