1. Tashin hankali
Ƙarfin ƙanƙantar da kowane tsayin raka'a akan saman ruwa ana kiransa tashin hankali, wanda aka auna a N • m-1.
2. Surface aiki da surfactant
Abubuwan da za su iya rage tashin hankali na abubuwan kaushi ana kiran su aiki na sama, kuma abubuwan da ke da aikin saman ana kiran su abubuwa masu aiki.
Surfactant koma zuwa saman aiki abubuwa da za su iya samar da micelles da sauran aggregates a cikin ruwa ruwa mafita, da high surface aiki, kuma suna da wetting, emulsifying, kumfa, wanka, da sauran ayyuka.
3. Kwayoyin tsarin halaye na surfactant
Surfactant mahadi ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da sifofi na musamman da kaddarorin da zasu iya canza yanayin tashin hankali tsakanin sassa biyu ko yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa (yawanci ruwa), kuma suna da kaddarorin kamar jika, kumfa, emulsification, da wankewa.
A zahiri magana, surfactants suna raba halaye gama gari na ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyin ayyuka daban-daban guda biyu a cikin ƙwayoyin su. Ƙarshen ɗaya shine rukuni mai tsayi wanda ba na polar ba wanda ke narkewa a cikin mai amma ba a narkewa a cikin ruwa, wanda aka sani da ƙungiyar hydrophobic ko ƙungiyar hydrophobic. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic gabaɗaya hydrocarbons ne na dogon sarkar, wani lokacin ma Organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, sarƙoƙi na organotin, da sauransu. Sauran ƙarshen rukuni ne na aiki mai narkewa da ruwa, wato ƙungiyar hydrophilic ko ƙungiyar hydrophilic. Ƙungiyar hydrophilic dole ne ta sami isasshen ruwa don tabbatar da cewa dukkanin surfactant yana narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana da mahimmancin solubility. Saboda kasancewar ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da hydrophobic a cikin surfactants, za su iya narke a cikin aƙalla lokaci ɗaya na lokaci na ruwa. Abubuwan hydrophilic da oleophilic na surfactants ana kiran su amphiphilicity.
4.Nau'in surfactants
Surfactants sune kwayoyin amphiphilic waɗanda ke da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da hydrophilic. A hydrophobic kungiyoyin surfactants ne kullum hada da dogon-sarkar hydrocarbons, irin su madaidaiciya sarkar alkyl C8-C20, branched sarkar alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (tare da 8-16 alkyl carbon atom), da dai sauransu Bambanci a hydrophobic kungiyoyin yafi ta'allaka ne a cikin tsarin canje-canje na carbon da bambance-bambancen, akwai wani in mun gwada da carbon da bambance-bambancen. Saboda haka, kaddarorin surfactants suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic ban da girman da siffar ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic. Canje-canje na tsarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic sun fi na ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic girma, don haka rarrabuwa na surfactants gabaɗaya ya dogara ne akan tsarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic. Wannan rarrabuwa ya dogara ne akan ko ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic na ionic, suna rarraba su zuwa anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, da sauran nau'ikan surfactants na musamman.
5. Halayen surfactant ruwa bayani
① Adsorption na surfactants a musaya
Kwayoyin da ke sama suna da ƙungiyoyin lipophilic da hydrophilic, suna sanya su kwayoyin amphiphilic. Ruwa ne mai ƙarfi polar ruwa. Lokacin da surfactants narke cikin ruwa, bisa ga ka'idar kamanni na polarity da bambance-bambancen polarity repulsion, ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic su suna sha'awar yanayin ruwa kuma suna narkewa cikin ruwa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin lipophilic su ke kore ruwa su bar ruwan. A sakamakon haka, kwayoyin surfactant (ko ions) suna shiga cikin mu'amala tsakanin bangarorin biyu, suna rage tashin hankali tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta (ko ions) suna tallatawa akan mahaɗin, mafi girman raguwar tashin hankali tsakanin fuska.
② Wasu kaddarorin membrane adsorption
Matsi na sararin samaniya na membrane adsorption: Surfactants suna adsorb a ma'aunin ruwan gas don samar da membrane adsorption. Idan an sanya faranti mai motsi mara motsi a kan mahaɗin kuma farantin iyo farantin yana tura membrane adsorption tare da saman bayani, membrane yana yin matsin lamba akan farantin iyo, wanda ake kira matsin lamba.
Dankin saman: Kamar matsa lamba na sama, dankon saman abu ne da aka nuna ta fina-finai na kwayoyin halitta. Dakatar da zoben platinum tare da siririyar waya ta karfe, ya sanya jirginsa ya tuntubi saman ruwa na nutsewa, ya juya zoben platinum, zoben platinum yana hana shi da dankowar ruwa, kuma a hankali girman girman ya ragu, bisa ga abin da za a iya auna dankon saman. Hanyar ita ce: da farko gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan ruwa mai tsabta, auna girman girman girman, sa'an nan kuma auna attenuation bayan samuwar abin rufe fuska, da lissafin danko na fuskar fuskar fuska daga bambanci tsakanin su biyu.
Dankin saman yana da alaƙa da kusanci da ƙarfin abin rufe fuska. Tun da fim din adsorption yana da matsa lamba da danko, dole ne ya zama na roba. Mafi girman matsi da danko na membran adsorption, mafi girman modul ɗin sa na roba. Modules na roba na fim ɗin adsorption na saman yana da mahimmanci a cikin aiwatar da gyaran kumfa.
③ Samuwar miceles
Maganin tsarma na surfactants ya bi ka'idodin mafita mai kyau. Adadin adsorption na surfactants a saman wani bayani yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaddamar da maganin. Lokacin da maida hankali ya kai ko ya wuce ƙayyadaddun ƙima, adadin tallan ba ya ƙara karuwa. Wadannan kwayoyin surfactant da suka wuce kima a cikin maganin ba su da matsala ko kuma suna wanzuwa akai-akai. Duka ayyuka da ka'idar sun nuna cewa sun samar da aggregates a cikin bayani, wanda ake kira micelles.
Mahimmancin maida hankali na micelle: Matsakaicin maida hankali kan abin da surfactants ke samar da micelles a cikin mafita ana kiransa mahimmancin micelle.
④ Ƙimar CMC na kowa surfactant.
6. Hydrophilic da oleophilic ma'auni darajar
HLB yana nufin ma'aunin lipophilic hydrophilic, wanda ke wakiltar ma'aunin hydrophilic da lipophilic ma'auni na hydrophilic da lipophilic kungiyoyin na surfactant, watau darajar HLB na surfactant. Babban darajar HLB yana nuna ƙarfin hydrophilicity da raunin lipophilicity na kwayoyin; Akasin haka, yana da ƙarfi lipophilicity da raunin hydrophilicity.
① Dokoki akan ƙimar HLB
Ƙimar HLB ita ce darajar dangi, don haka lokacin da aka tsara darajar HLB, a matsayin ma'auni, an saita darajar HLB na paraffin ba tare da kayan hydrophilic zuwa 0 ba, yayin da darajar HLB na sodium dodecyl sulfate tare da ruwa mai karfi an saita zuwa 40. Saboda haka, ƙimar HLB na surfactants gabaɗaya a cikin kewayon 1-40. Gabaɗaya magana, emulsifiers tare da ƙimar HLB ƙasa da 10 sune lipophilic, yayin da emulsifiers tare da ƙimar HLB sama da 10 sune hydrophilic. Saboda haka, jujjuyawar juyi daga lipophilicity zuwa hydrophilicity kusan 10 ne.
7. Emulsification da solubilization effects
Ruwan ruwa guda biyu da ba za a iya raba su ba, daya samuwa ta hanyar tarwatsa barbashi (digo ko lu'ulu'u) a cikin ɗayan, ana kiran su emulsion. Lokacin da aka samar da emulsion, wurin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin ruwa biyu yana ƙaruwa, yana sa tsarin ya zama mara ƙarfi. Don daidaita emulsion, kashi na uku - emulsifier - yana buƙatar ƙarawa don rage ƙarfin tsaka-tsakin tsarin. Emulsifiers suna cikin surfactants, kuma babban aikin su shine yin aiki azaman emulsifiers. A lokaci a cikin abin da droplets wanzu a cikin wani emulsion ake kira tarwatsa lokaci (ko na ciki lokaci, discontinuous lokaci), da sauran lokaci alaka tare da ake kira tarwatsa matsakaici (ko waje lokaci, ci gaba lokaci).
① Emulsifiers da emulsions
Common emulsions kunshi daya lokaci na ruwa ko aqueous bayani, da sauran lokaci na Organic mahadi da suke immiscible da ruwa, kamar mai, waxes, da dai sauransu The emulsion kafa ta ruwa da man za a iya raba iri biyu dangane da watsawa: man tarwatsa a cikin ruwa form wani ruwa a cikin man emulsion, wakilta O / W (man fetur / ruwa); Ruwan da aka tarwatsa a cikin mai yana samar da ruwa a cikin emulsion mai, wanda W/O (ruwa / mai) ke wakilta. Bugu da kari, hadadden ruwa a cikin mai a cikin ruwa W/O/W da mai cikin ruwa a cikin mai O/W/O emulsions suma na iya samuwa.
Emulsifier yana tabbatar da emulsion ta hanyar rage tashin hankali tsakanin fuska da kuma samar da abin rufe fuska mai monolayer.
Abubuwan da ake buƙata don emulsifiers a cikin emulsification: a: emulsifiers dole ne su sami damar haɓakawa ko wadatar da mu'amala tsakanin bangarorin biyu, rage tashin hankali tsakanin juna; b: Emulsifiers dole ne su ba da barbashi cajin lantarki, haifar da rikitarwar electrostatic tsakanin barbashi ko samar da barga, fim mai kariya mai danko sosai a kusa da barbashi. Don haka, abubuwan da ake amfani da su azaman emulsifiers dole ne su sami ƙungiyoyin amphiphilic don samun tasirin emulsifying, kuma surfactants na iya biyan wannan buƙatu.
② Hanyoyin shirye-shirye na emulsions da abubuwan da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali na emulsion
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don shirya emulsion: ɗaya shine amfani da hanyoyin injiniya don watsar da ruwa zuwa ƙananan barbashi a cikin wani ruwa, wanda aka fi amfani dashi a masana'antu don shirya emulsions; Wata hanya kuma ita ce ta narkar da ruwa a cikin yanayin kwayoyin a cikin wani ruwa sannan a ba shi damar tara yadda ya dace don samar da emulsion.
A zaman lafiyar emulsions yana nufin su ikon yin tsayayya da barbashi tara da kuma haifar da lokaci rabuwa. Emulsions su ne tsarin thermodynamically m tsarin tare da gagarumin free makamashi. Saboda haka, kwanciyar hankali na emulsion a zahiri yana nufin lokacin da ake buƙata don tsarin ya kai ga daidaito, wato, lokacin da ake buƙatar ruwa a cikin tsarin don rabuwa.
Lokacin da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta na polar irin su barasa mai kitse, fatty acid da fatty amine a cikin abin rufe fuska, ƙarfin membrane yana ƙaruwa sosai. Wannan shi ne saboda kwayoyin emulsifier a cikin Layer adsorption Layer suna hulɗa tare da kwayoyin polar irin su barasa, acid da amine don samar da "rikitarwa", wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin abin rufe fuska.
Emulsifiers da suka hada da biyu ko fiye surfactants ana kiransu gauraye emulsifiers. Haɗaɗɗen emulsifiers suna tallatawa akan mahaɗar ruwa/mai, kuma hulɗar intermolecular na iya haifar da hadaddun abubuwa. Saboda ƙarfin hulɗar intermolecular mai ƙarfi, tashin hankali na tsaka-tsakin yana raguwa sosai, adadin emulsifier da aka tallata akan mahaɗin yana ƙaruwa sosai, da yawa da ƙarfin abin rufe fuska na fuska yana ƙaruwa.
Cajin na droplets yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Kwancen emulsions yawanci suna da ɗigogi tare da cajin lantarki. Lokacin amfani da emulsifiers na ionic, ions emulsifier adsorbed akan mahaɗin suna shigar da ƙungiyoyin lipophilic ɗin su a cikin lokacin mai, yayin da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic ke cikin lokacin ruwa, don haka ana cajin ɗigon ruwa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa droplets na emulsion suna ɗaukar nauyin wannan cajin, suna korar juna kuma ba a sauƙaƙe su ba, yana haifar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali. Ana iya ganin cewa mafi yawan ions emulsifier adsorbed akan ɗigon ruwa, mafi girman cajin su, kuma mafi girman ikon su na hana haɗuwar droplet, yana sa tsarin emulsion ya fi tsayi.
A danko na emulsion watsawa matsakaici yana da wani tasiri a kan kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman danko na matsakaicin watsawa, mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Wannan saboda dankowar matsakaiciyar tarwatsawa yana da girma, wanda ke da matuƙar hana motsin Brownian na ɗigon ruwa, yana rage haɗuwa tsakanin ɗigon ruwa, kuma yana kiyaye tsarin. Abubuwan polymers waɗanda yawanci suna narkewa a cikin emulsion na iya ƙara danko na tsarin kuma haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na emulsion. Bugu da kari, da polymer kuma iya samar da wani m dubawa fuska mask, sa emulsion tsarin mafi barga.
A wasu lokuta, ƙara m foda kuma iya tabbatar da emulsion. Ƙaƙƙarfan foda ba a cikin ruwa, man fetur ko a wurin dubawa, dangane da iyawar mai da ruwa a kan m foda. Idan daskararrun foda ba a jika gaba ɗaya da ruwa ba kuma ana iya jika shi da mai, zai kasance a wurin haɗin mai na ruwa.
Dalilin da ya sa m foda ba ya tabbatar da emulsion shi ne cewa foda da aka tattara a wurin dubawa ba ya ƙarfafa abin rufe fuska na fuska, wanda yayi kama da kwayoyin emulsifier adsorption na dubawa. Saboda haka, mafi kusa da m foda barbashi an shirya a dubawa, da karin barga da emulsion zai zama.
Surfactants suna da ikon haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su iya narkewa ko kaɗan a cikin ruwa bayan samar da miceles a cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa, kuma maganin yana bayyane a wannan lokacin. Ana kiran wannan tasirin micelles solubilization. Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da tasirin solubilizing ana kiran su masu solubilizers, kuma kwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka solubilized ana kiran su mahadi.
8. Kumfa
Kumfa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin wankewa. Kumfa yana nufin tsarin watsawa wanda iskar gas ke tarwatsewa a cikin ruwa ko kauri. Gas shine lokacin watsawa, kuma ruwa ko kauri shine matsakaicin watsawa. Na farko ana kiransa kumfa ruwa, yayin da ake kiran na ƙarshen kumfa mai ƙarfi, kamar filastik kumfa, gilashin kumfa, siminti kumfa, da sauransu.
(1) Samuwar kumfa
Kumfa a nan yana nufin haɗuwa da kumfa da aka rabu da fim na ruwa. Saboda babban bambanci mai yawa tsakanin lokacin tarwatsewa (gas) da tarwatsa matsakaici (ruwa), da ƙarancin danko na ruwa, kumfa koyaushe yana iya tashi zuwa matakin ruwa da sauri.
Hanyar samar da kumfa shine a kawo iskar gas mai yawa a cikin ruwan, sannan kumfa da ke cikin ruwan ya dawo saman ruwa da sauri, yana samar da kumfa mai kumfa da dan karamin ruwa da iskar gas ya rabu.
Kumfa yana da halaye guda biyu masu ban mamaki a cikin ilimin halittar jiki: daya shine kumfa kamar yadda aka tarwatsa lokaci ne sau da yawa polyhedral, saboda a tsaka-tsakin kumfa, akwai yanayi don fim ɗin ruwa ya zama bakin ciki, yana yin kumfa polyhedral. Lokacin da fim ɗin ruwa ya zama bakin ciki zuwa wani matsayi, kumfa za su karye; Na biyu, ruwa mai tsafta ba zai iya samar da kumfa mai tsayayye ba, amma ruwan da zai iya samar da kumfa shine akalla abubuwa biyu ko fiye. Maganin ruwa na surfactant shine tsarin al'ada mai sauƙi don samar da kumfa, kuma ikonsa na samar da kumfa yana da alaƙa da wasu kaddarorin.
Surfactants tare da kyakkyawan ikon kumfa ana kiran su masu kumfa. Kodayake wakili na kumfa yana da kyau kumfa, kumfa da aka kafa bazai iya kula da shi na dogon lokaci ba, wato, kwanciyar hankali bazai da kyau. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, wani abu wanda zai iya ƙara yawan kwanciyar hankali na kumfa sau da yawa ana ƙara shi zuwa wakili mai kumfa, wanda ake kira foam stabilizer. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kumfa sune lauroyl diethanolamine da dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Kwanciyar kumfa
Kumfa shine tsarin rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermodynamically, kuma yanayin ƙarshe shine cewa jimlar saman ruwa a cikin tsarin yana raguwa kuma kuzarin kyauta yana raguwa bayan fashewar kumfa. Tsarin defoaming shine tsarin da fim ɗin ruwa da ke raba iskar gas ya canza kauri har sai ya fashe. Sabili da haka, kwanciyar hankali na kumfa an ƙaddara shi ne ta hanyar saurin fitowar ruwa da ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa. Akwai wasu abubuwa masu tasiri da yawa.
① Tashin hankali
Daga ra'ayi na makamashi, ƙananan tashin hankali ya fi dacewa don samuwar kumfa, amma ba zai iya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa ba. Ƙananan tashin hankali, ƙarancin matsa lamba, saurin fitarwa na ruwa, da jinkirin yin fim ɗin ruwa yana taimakawa ga kwanciyar hankali na kumfa.
② Dankin saman
Maɓalli mai mahimmanci wanda ke tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa shine ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen fim ɗin adsorption, wanda aka auna ta wurin danko. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa kumfa da aka samar da maganin tare da danko mafi girma yana da tsawon rai. Wannan shi ne saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin da aka lalata a saman yana haifar da karuwar ƙarfin membrane, don haka inganta rayuwar kumfa.
③ Magani danko
Lokacin da danko na ruwa da kansa ya karu, ruwan da ke cikin fim din ruwa ba shi da sauƙi a fitar da shi, kuma saurin kauri na fim ɗin yana jinkirin, wanda ke jinkirta lokacin fashewar fim din kuma yana ƙara kwanciyar hankali na kumfa.
④ Sakamakon 'gyare-gyare' na tashin hankali
Surfactants adsorbed a kan fuskar fim din ruwa suna da ikon yin tsayayya da fadadawa ko raguwa na farfajiyar fim din ruwa, wanda muke magana a matsayin sakamako na gyarawa. Wannan shi ne saboda akwai wani ruwa fim na surfactants adsorbed a saman, da kuma fadada surface yankin zai rage taro na surface adsorbed kwayoyin da kuma kara surface tashin hankali. Ƙarin faɗaɗa saman zai buƙaci ƙoƙari mai girma. Sabanin haka, raguwar sararin samaniya zai ƙara ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a saman, rage tashin hankali da kuma hana ƙarin raguwa.
⑤ Yaduwan iskar gas ta hanyar fim din ruwa
Saboda kasancewar matsa lamba na capillary, matsa lamba na ƙananan kumfa a cikin kumfa ya fi na manyan kumfa, wanda zai haifar da iskar gas a cikin ƙananan kumfa zuwa cikin ƙananan kumfa mai girma ta hanyar fim din ruwa, wanda ya haifar da sabon abu cewa ƙananan kumfa ya zama karami, manyan kumfa ya zama babba, kuma a ƙarshe kumfa ya karya. Idan an ƙara surfactant, kumfa zai zama iri ɗaya kuma mai yawa lokacin kumfa, kuma ba shi da sauƙi don cire foamer. Tun da surfactant an shirya shi sosai a kan fim ɗin ruwa, yana da wuyar samun iska, wanda ya sa kumfa ya fi kwanciyar hankali.
⑥ Tasirin cajin saman
Idan an caje fim ɗin ruwa mai kumfa tare da alama ɗaya, saman biyu na fim ɗin ruwa za su kori juna, hana fim ɗin ruwa daga bakin ciki ko ma lalata. Ionic surfactants na iya samar da wannan tasirin ƙarfafawa.
A ƙarshe, ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa shine mabuɗin mahimmanci don ƙayyade kwanciyar hankali na kumfa. A matsayin surfactant ga kumfa jamiái da kumfa stabilizers, da tightness da m na surface adsorbed kwayoyin ne mafi muhimmanci dalilai. Lokacin da hulɗar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin da aka yi da su a saman yana da karfi, kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su suna da tsari sosai, wanda ba wai kawai ya sa fuskar fuskar fuska kanta ta sami ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ba, amma kuma yana sa maganin da ke kusa da fuskar fuskar fuska yana da wuyar gudana saboda babban danko, don haka yana da wuya ga fim din ruwa don magudana, kuma kauri na fim din yana da sauƙin kiyayewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin saman da aka tsara a hankali kuma suna iya rage haɓakar ƙwayoyin iskar gas don haka ƙara kwanciyar hankali na kumfa.
(3) Lalacewar kumfa
Babban ka'idar lalata kumfa shine canza yanayin samar da kumfa ko kawar da abubuwan kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, don haka akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na lalata, jiki da sinadarai.
Defoaming na jiki shine canza yanayin da ake samar da kumfa yayin da ake kiyaye sinadarai na maganin kumfa ba canzawa. Misali, rikicewar ƙarfi na waje, zazzabi ko canjin matsa lamba da jiyya na ultrasonic duk hanyoyin jiki ne masu tasiri don kawar da kumfa.
Hanyar lalata kumfa shine ƙara wasu abubuwa don yin hulɗa tare da mai yin kumfa, rage ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa a cikin kumfa, sannan a rage kwanciyar hankali na kumfa don cimma manufar lalata. Irin waɗannan abubuwa ana kiran su defoamers. Yawancin defoamers sune surfactants. Don haka, bisa ga tsarin cire kumfa, ya kamata masu cire foam ɗin su sami ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don rage tashin hankali na sama, a sauƙaƙe a sanya su a saman, kuma suna da raunin mu'amala tsakanin ƙwayoyin da aka lalatar da su, wanda ke haifar da tsarin tsari mara kyau na ƙwayoyin da aka lalata.
Akwai nau'ikan defoamers iri-iri, amma galibin su ba su da ion. Non ion surfactants suna da anti kumfa kusa ko sama da wurin girgijen su kuma ana amfani da su azaman lalata. Alcohols, musamman waɗanda ke da tsarin reshe, fatty acid da esters, polyamides, phosphates, silicone oil, da sauransu, ana amfani da su azaman ƙwaƙƙwaran ɓarna.
(4) Kumfa da wanka
Babu dangantaka kai tsaye tsakanin kumfa da tasirin wankewa, kuma yawan kumfa ba yana nufin cewa tasirin wanke yana da kyau ko mara kyau ba. Misali, aikin kumfa na surfactants marasa ionic ya yi kasa da sabulu, amma ikon tsaftace su ya fi sabulu kyau.
A wasu lokuta, kumfa yana taimakawa wajen cire datti. Misali, lokacin wanke kayan tebur a gida, kumfa na detergent na iya kwashe digon mai da aka wanke; Lokacin goge kafet, kumfa yana taimakawa wajen kawar da datti kamar ƙura da foda. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kumfa a wasu lokuta a matsayin alamar ko kayan wankewa yana da tasiri, saboda tabon mai na iya hana kumfa na wanka. Lokacin da tabon mai ya yi yawa da kuma ɗan wanka kaɗan, ba za a sami kumfa ba ko kumfa na asali zai ɓace. Wani lokaci, kuma ana iya amfani da kumfa azaman mai nuna ko kurkura yana da tsabta. Saboda yawan kumfa a cikin maganin kurkura yana ƙoƙarin ragewa tare da raguwar abun ciki na wanka, za'a iya kimanta matakin rinsing ta yawan kumfa.
9. Tsarin wankewa
A cikin ma'ana mai faɗi, wankewa shine tsarin cire abubuwan da ba'a so daga abin da ake wankewa da kuma cimma wata manufa. Wanka a ma'anar da aka saba yana nufin tsarin cire datti daga saman mai ɗaukar kaya. A lokacin wanke-wanke, mu’amalar datti da mai ɗaukar kaya tana yin rauni ko kuma kawar da ita ta hanyar aiwatar da wasu sinadarai (kamar wanke-wanke), suna canza haɗaɗɗun datti da najasa zuwa haɗuwa da datti da abin wanke-wanke, daga ƙarshe yana haifar da datti da mai ɗaukar kaya. Kamar yadda abubuwan da za a wanke da dattin da za a cire sun bambanta, wankewa tsari ne mai rikitarwa, kuma ainihin tsarin wankewa yana iya wakiltar dangantaka mai sauƙi mai zuwa.
Daukewa • Datti+Detergent=Daukewa+Datti • Wanka
Tsarin wanke-wanke yawanci ana iya raba shi zuwa matakai biyu: ɗaya shine rabuwa da datti da mai ɗaukarsa a ƙarƙashin aikin wanka; Na biyu shi ne cewa dattin da aka ware yana watse kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici. Tsarin wanke-wanke tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, kuma dattin da aka tarwatsa ko kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici shima na iya yin hazo daga matsakaici zuwa wurin wanki. Sabili da haka, kyakkyawan wanka bai kamata kawai yana da ikon cire datti daga mai ɗaukar kaya ba, amma kuma yana da ikon tarwatsawa da dakatar da datti, da kuma hana datti daga sake ajiyewa.
(1) Nau'in kazanta
Ko da abu ɗaya, nau'in, abun da ke ciki, da adadin datti zai bambanta dangane da yanayin amfani. Dattin jikin mai ya fi hada da mai da dabbobi da kayan marmari, da ma’adanai (kamar danyen mai, man fetur, kwalta, da sauransu), yayin da dattin datti ya fi hada da hayaki, kura, tsatsa, bakar carbon da sauransu. Datti daga abinci, kamar tabon 'ya'yan itace, tabon mai mai abinci, tabon kayan yaji, sitaci, da sauransu; Datti da kayan kwalliya ke kawowa, kamar lipstick da goge ƙusa; Datti daga yanayi, kamar hayaki, ƙura, ƙasa, da dai sauransu; Sauran kayan kamar tawada, shayi, fenti, da sauransu, ana iya cewa akwai nau'o'in iri daban-daban.
Yawancin datti iri-iri ana iya raba su zuwa nau'i uku: datti mai ƙarfi, datti na ruwa, da datti na musamman.
① Datti gama gari ya haɗa da barbashi kamar toka, laka, ƙasa, tsatsa, da baƙin carbon. Yawancin waɗannan barbashi suna da cajin saman ƙasa, galibi mara kyau, kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi akan abubuwan fibrous. Gabaɗaya, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta yana da wahalar narkewa cikin ruwa, amma ana iya tarwatsawa kuma a dakatar da shi ta hanyar maganin wanke-wanke. M datti tare da ƙananan barbashi yana da wuya a cire.
② Dattin ruwa galibi mai narkewa ne, gami da mai na dabba da kayan lambu, acid fatty, barasa mai kitse, mai ma'adinai, da oxides. Daga cikin su, dabbobi da kayan lambu mai da fatty acid za a iya sha saponification tare da alkali, yayin da m alcohols da kuma ma'adinai mai ba saponified da alkali, amma za a iya narkar da a alcohols, ethers, da hydrocarbon Organic kaushi, kuma za a emulsified da kuma tarwatsa da detergent aqueous mafita. Dattin ruwa mai narkewa gabaɗaya yana da ƙarfin hulɗa tare da abubuwan fibrous kuma yana tallatawa da ƙarfi akan zaruruwa.
③ Datti na musamman ya hada da furotin, sitaci, jini, fitar mutum kamar gumi, sebum, fitsari, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan shayi, da sauransu. Yawancin irin wannan datti na iya shiga da karfi a jikin abubuwa masu fiber ta hanyar halayen sinadarai. Saboda haka, wanke shi yana da wuyar gaske.
Daban-daban iri-iri na datti da wuya su wanzu su kaɗai, galibi ana haɗa su tare kuma a haɗa su a kan abubuwa. Datti na iya zama wani lokaci oxidize, bazuwa, ko lalacewa a ƙarƙashin tasirin waje, wanda ke haifar da samuwar sabon datti.
(2) Sakamakon adhesion na datti
Dalilin da yasa tufafi, hannaye, da dai sauransu na iya yin datti shine saboda akwai wani nau'i na mu'amala tsakanin abubuwa da datti. Akwai illolin mannewa iri-iri na ƙazanta akan abubuwa, amma galibin mannewar jiki ne da mannewar sinadarai.
① Adhesion jiki na taba sigari, kura, laka, carbon baki, da sauran abubuwa zuwa tufafi. Gabaɗaya magana, hulɗar da ke tsakanin dattin da ke da alaƙa da abin da aka gurbata yana da rauni sosai, kuma kawar da datti yana da sauƙi. A cewar daban-daban sojojin, da jiki adhesion na datti za a iya raba zuwa inji mannewa da electrostatic adhesion.
A: Makullin injina galibi yana nufin mannewar datti mai ƙarfi kamar ƙura da laka. Makullin inji hanya ce mai rauni don datti, wanda kusan ana iya cire shi ta hanyoyin injuna masu sauƙi. Duk da haka, lokacin da girman barbashi na datti ya yi ƙarami (<0.1um), yana da wuya a cire.
B: Electrostatic adhesion yana bayyanawa ta hanyar aikin caje-canjen datti akan abubuwa masu kiba. Yawancin abubuwan fibrous suna ɗauke da caji mara kyau a cikin ruwa kuma ana yin su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar datti mai inganci kamar lemun tsami. Wasu datti, ko da yake ana cajin su mara kyau, irin su carbon baƙar fata a cikin mafita mai ruwa, na iya manne wa zaruruwa ta hanyar gadojin ion da aka kafa ta hanyar ions masu kyau (kamar Ca2+, Mg2+, da dai sauransu) a cikin ruwa (ions suna aiki tare tsakanin cajin da yawa, suna aiki kamar gadoji).
Wutar lantarki a tsaye ya fi ƙarfin aikin injiniya mai sauƙi, yana sa ya zama da wahala a cire datti.
③ Cire datti na musamman
Protein, sitaci, sirrin ɗan adam, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan shayi da sauran nau'ikan datti suna da wahalar cirewa tare da surfactants gabaɗaya kuma suna buƙatar hanyoyin magani na musamman.
Tabon sunadaran kamar kirim, ƙwai, jini, madara, da ƙyanƙyasar fata suna da haɗari ga coagulation da denaturation akan zaruruwa, kuma suna dagewa sosai. Don lalata furotin, ana iya amfani da protease don cire shi. Protease na iya karya sunadaran da ke cikin datti zuwa amino acid mai narkewa ko oligopeptides.
Tabon sitaci yafi fitowa daga abinci, yayin da wasu kamar ruwan nama, manna, da dai sauransu. Sitaci enzymes suna da tasiri mai tasiri akan hydrolysis na sitaci tabon, karya saukar sitaci zuwa sugars.
Lipase na iya haifar da bazuwar wasu triglycerides waɗanda ke da wahalar cirewa ta hanyoyin al'ada, irin su sebum ɗin da jikin ɗan adam ke ɓoye, da mai, da sauransu, don karya triglycerides zuwa glycerol mai narkewa da fatty acid.
Wasu tabo masu launi daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan shayi, tawada, lipstick, da sauransu. galibi suna da wahalar tsaftacewa sosai koda bayan an maimaita wankewa. Ana iya cire irin wannan tabo ta hanyar haɓakar haɓakar oxygenation ta hanyar amfani da oxidants ko rage abubuwa kamar bleach, waɗanda ke rushe tsarin ƙungiyoyin chromophore ko chromophore kuma suna ƙasƙantar da su zuwa ƙananan abubuwan da ke narkewa da ruwa.
Daga hangen busassun tsaftacewa, akwai datti iri-iri kusan guda uku.
① Datti mai narkewa ya haɗa da mai da kitse daban-daban, waɗanda suke da ruwa ko mai mai da narkewa a cikin busassun tsaftacewa.
② Datti mai narkewa na ruwa yana narkewa a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, amma ba zai iya narkewa a cikin busassun kayan tsaftacewa. Yana shiga jikin tufafi a cikin hanyar maganin ruwa, kuma bayan ruwan ya ƙafe, ƙwanƙolin daskararru irin su salts inorganic, sitaci, sunadarai, da sauransu suna haɗe.
③ Ruwan mai dattin da ba ya narkewa ba shi da narkewa a cikin ruwa da busassun kaushi, kamar baƙar fata na carbon, silicates daban-daban na ƙarfe, da oxides.
Saboda kaddarorin daban-daban na nau'ikan datti daban-daban, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na cire datti yayin aikin tsaftace bushewa. Datti mai narkewa, kamar mai na dabba da kayan lambu, mai ma'adinai, da kitse, ana iya narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin abubuwan kaushi kuma ana iya cire su cikin sauƙi yayin tsaftace bushewa. Kyakkyawan solubility na busassun tsaftacewa mai tsabta don mai da maiko shine ainihin saboda dakarun van der Waals tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.
Don kawar da datti mai narkewa kamar gishiri mai narkewa, sukari, furotin, gumi, da dai sauransu, ya zama dole a ƙara adadin ruwa mai dacewa ga busassun kayan tsaftacewa, in ba haka ba datti mai narkewa da ruwa yana da wuya a cire daga tufafi. Amma ruwa yana da wuya a narke a cikin busassun kayan tsaftacewa, don haka don ƙara yawan ruwa, ana buƙatar ƙara surfactants. Ruwan da ke cikin busassun kayan tsaftacewa na iya hydrate datti da saman tufafi, yana sauƙaƙa yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyin polar na surfactants, wanda ke da amfani ga adsorption na surfactants a saman. Bugu da kari, lokacin da surfactants suka samar da miceles, datti da ruwa mai narkewa da ruwa na iya narkewa cikin micelles. Surfactants ba za su iya ƙara yawan ruwa kawai a cikin busassun tsaftacewa mai tsabta ba, amma kuma suna hana sake shigar da datti don haɓaka tasirin tsaftacewa.
Kasancewar ƙaramin ruwa yana da mahimmanci don cire datti mai narkewa da ruwa, amma yawan ruwa zai iya haifar da wasu tufafi su zama gurɓatacce, gyaggyarawa, da sauransu, don haka abun ciki na ruwa a cikin busassun busassun dole ne ya zama matsakaici.
M barbashi kamar toka, laka, ƙasa, da carbon baƙar fata, waɗanda ba su da ruwa mai narkewa ko mai, gabaɗaya suna manne da sutura ta hanyar tallan lantarki ko ta hanyar haɗawa da tabon mai. A cikin bushewa tsaftacewa, kwarara da tasiri na kaushi na iya haifar da datti da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar electrostatic sojojin ya fadi, yayin da busassun tsaftacewa za su iya narkar da tarkacen mai, haifar da ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin da ke haɗuwa tare da tabon mai kuma suna manne da tufafi don fadowa daga busassun tsaftacewa. Ƙananan adadin ruwa da abubuwan da ke sama a cikin busassun ma'aunin tsaftacewa na iya dakatarwa da tarwatsa dattin datti da suka fadi, hana su sake sakawa a kan tufafi.
(5) Abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin wankewa
Adsorption na shugabanci na surfactants a wurin dubawa da rage tashin hankali (interfacial) sune manyan abubuwan da ke kawar da ruwa ko ƙazanta. Amma tsarin wanke-wanke yana da rikitarwa, har ma da tasirin wanke nau'in nau'in abu ɗaya yana shafar wasu abubuwa da yawa. Wadannan abubuwan sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da kayan wanka, zafin jiki, yanayin datti, nau'in fiber, da tsarin masana'anta.
① Tattaunawa na surfactants
Miceles na surfactants a cikin bayani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin wankewa. Lokacin da maida hankali ya kai mahimmancin micelle (cmc), tasirin wanke yana ƙaruwa sosai. Sabili da haka, ƙaddamar da kayan wankewa a cikin ƙaura ya kamata ya zama mafi girma fiye da darajar CMC don cimma sakamako mai kyau na wankewa. Duk da haka, lokacin da maida hankali na surfactants ya wuce darajar CMC, karuwar tasirin wankewa ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci, kuma karuwa mai yawa a cikin ƙwayar surfactant ba lallai ba ne.
Lokacin amfani da solubilization don cire stains mai, koda kuwa ƙaddamarwa yana sama da ƙimar CMC, tasirin solubilization har yanzu yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar ƙwayar surfactant. A wannan lokacin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da kayan wanka a cikin gida, kamar a kan ƙugiya da ƙullun tufafi inda akwai datti mai yawa. Lokacin wankewa, ana iya fara amfani da ruwan wanka don inganta tasirin surfactants akan tabon mai.
② Zazzabi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tasirin tsaftacewa. Gabaɗaya, ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana da fa'ida don cire datti, amma wani lokacin yawan zafin jiki kuma yana iya haifar da abubuwa mara kyau.
Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana da amfani ga yaduwar datti. Tabon mai yana da sauƙin kwaikwaya lokacin da zafin jiki ya fi narkewarsu, kuma zaruruwa kuma suna ƙara ƙimar faɗaɗawa saboda haɓakar zafin jiki. Wadannan abubuwan duk suna da amfani don kawar da datti. Duk da haka, don ƙananan yadudduka, ƙananan rata tsakanin zaruruwa suna raguwa bayan fadada fiber, wanda ba shi da amfani don kawar da datti.
Canje-canjen yanayin zafi kuma yana shafar solubility, ƙimar CMC, da girman micelle na surfactants, don haka yana shafar tasirin wankewa. Dogon sarkar carbon surfactants suna da ƙananan solubility a ƙananan yanayin zafi, kuma wani lokacin ma ƙananan solubility fiye da ƙimar CMC. A wannan yanayin, ya kamata a ƙara yawan zafin jiki yadda ya kamata. Tasirin zafin jiki akan ƙimar CMC da girman micelle ya bambanta ga ion da ion surfactants. Don ion surfactants, haɓakar zafin jiki gabaɗaya yana haifar da haɓaka ƙimar CMC da raguwar girman micelle. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya kamata a ƙara yawan ƙwayar surfactants a cikin maganin wankewa. Ga wadanda ba su da ionic surfactants, yawan zafin jiki yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙimar su CMC da karuwa mai girma a girman micelle. Ana iya ganin cewa yawan zafin jiki da ya dace zai iya taimakawa wadanda ba su da ionic surfactants suyi aikin su na sama. Amma yanayin zafi bai kamata ya wuce wurin girgijensa ba.
A taƙaice, mafi dacewa da zafin jiki na wankewa yana da alaƙa da dabarar kayan wankewa da abin da ake wankewa. Wasu kayan wanke-wanke suna da tasirin tsaftacewa mai kyau a cikin zafin jiki, yayin da wasu kayan wanke-wanke suna da tasirin tsaftacewa daban-daban don wanka mai sanyi da zafi.
③ Kumfa
Mutane sukan rikitar da ikon kumfa tare da tasirin wankewa, suna gaskanta cewa kayan wanka tare da ƙarfin kumfa mai ƙarfi suna da tasirin wankewa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin wankewa ba shi da alaka da adadin kumfa. Misali, yin amfani da ɗan ƙaramin wanka na kumfa don wankewa baya da mummunan tasirin wankewa fiye da babban abin wanke kumfa.
Ko da yake kumfa ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da wankewa, kumfa har yanzu yana taimakawa wajen cire datti a wasu yanayi. Misali, kumfa na ruwan wanka na iya ɗaukar digon mai lokacin wanke jita-jita da hannu. Lokacin goge kafet, kumfa kuma na iya kwashe dattin datti kamar ƙura. Kura tana da adadin dattin kafet, don haka mai tsabtace kafet ya kamata ya sami takamaiman ƙarfin kumfa.
Har ila yau, ƙarfin kumfa yana da mahimmanci ga shamfu. Kumfa mai kyau da ruwa ke samarwa yayin wanke gashi ko wanka yana sa mutane jin dadi.
④ Nau'in zaruruwa da kaddarorin jiki na yadi
Baya ga tsarin sinadarai na zaruruwa da ke shafar mannewa da kawar da datti, bayyanar filaye da tsarin tsari na yadudduka da yadudduka kuma suna da tasiri kan wahalar cire datti.
Ma'auni na zaruruwan ulu da lebur kamar tsarin zaruruwan auduga sun fi saurin tara datti fiye da zaruruwa masu santsi. Alal misali, baƙar fata na carbon da ke manne da fim din cellulose (fim ɗin m) yana da sauƙin cirewa, yayin da baƙar fata carbon da ke manne da masana'anta auduga yana da wuya a wanke. Misali, polyester short fiber yadudduka sun fi saurin tara tarkacen mai fiye da dogayen yadudduka na fiber, kuma tarkacen mai akan gajerun yadudduka na fiber shima ya fi wahalar cirewa fiye da wanda ke kan dogon yadudduka.
Yadudduka masu ƙyalƙyali da ƙananan yadudduka, saboda ƙananan ƙananan ramukan da ke tsakanin zaruruwa, na iya tsayayya da mamayewa na datti, amma kuma ya hana maganin tsaftacewa daga cire datti na ciki. Saboda haka, m yadudduka suna da kyau juriya ga datti a farkon, amma kuma yana da wuya a tsaftace da zarar gurbata.
⑤ Taurin ruwa
Matsakaicin ions na ƙarfe irin su Ca2 + da Mg2 + a cikin ruwa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tasirin wankewa, musamman lokacin da anionic surfactants suka haɗu da Ca2 + da Mg2 + ions don samar da calcium da magnesium salts tare da rashin ƙarfi, wanda zai iya rage ikon tsaftacewa. Ko da ma'auni na surfactants yana da girma a cikin ruwa mai wuya, aikin tsaftacewa har yanzu ya fi muni fiye da distillation. Don cimma sakamako mafi kyau na wankewa na surfactants, ƙaddamarwar Ca2 + ions a cikin ruwa ya kamata a rage zuwa ƙasa da 1 × 10-6mol / L (CaCO3 ya kamata a rage zuwa 0.1mg/L). Wannan yana buƙatar ƙara masu laushi iri-iri zuwa kayan wanka.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-16-2024