Gabaɗaya, wani ɓangare na emulsion shine ruwa ko maganin ruwa, wanda ake kira lokaci mai ruwa; Wani lokaci kuma wani lokaci ne na kwayoyin halitta wanda ba shi da ruwa, wanda aka sani da yanayin mai.

1. Rarrabewa

Hanyoyin rarrabawa guda uku:

1. Rarraba ta hanyar tushe: samfuran halitta da samfuran roba;

2. Rarraba ta hanyar nauyin kwayoyin halitta: ƙananan nau'in emulsifiers (c10-c20) da manyan nau'in emulsifiers (c dubban);

3. Dangane da ko zai iya ionize a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'in ionic (anions, cations, da anions da cations) da nau'in nau'in ionic.

Wannan ita ce hanyar rarraba da aka fi amfani da ita.

 

2. Aiki da ka'idar emulsifiers

Babban aikin emulsifiers shine rage tashin hankali na saman ruwa biyu da ake emulsified. Saboda haka, a lokacin da surfactants ake amfani da emulsifiers, daya karshen su hydrophobic kungiyar adsorbs uwa saman insoluble ruwa barbashi (kamar mai), yayin da hydrophilic kungiyar mika zuwa ga ruwa. Surfactants an directionally shirya a kan surface na ruwa barbashi don samar da wani hydrophilic adsorption fim (interfacial film), don rage da juna janye tsakanin droplets, rage surface tashin hankali tsakanin biyu bulan, da kuma inganta juna watsawa don samar da emulsions.

Ƙaddamar da surfactant yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan ƙarfin abin rufe fuska na fuska. Tare da babban maida hankali, akwai da yawa surfactant kwayoyin adsorbed a kan ke dubawa, forming wani m da karfi da fuska mask.

Daban-daban emulsifiers suna da tasirin emulsification daban-daban, kuma adadin da ake buƙata don cimma sakamako mafi kyau na emulsification shima ya bambanta. Gabaɗaya magana, mafi girman ƙarfin kwayoyin halitta na emulsifier wanda ke samar da abin rufe fuska na iyaka, mafi girman ƙarfin fim, kuma mafi kwanciyar hankali ruwan shafa; Akasin haka, ƙananan ƙarfin, ƙananan ƙarfin fim ɗin, kuma mafi rashin kwanciyar hankali na emulsion.

Lokacin da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta na polar irin su barasa mai kitse, fatty acid da fatty amine a cikin abin rufe fuska, ƙarfin membrane yana inganta sosai. Wannan saboda kwayoyin emulsifier suna hulɗa tare da kwayoyin polar irin su barasa, acid da amine a cikin tallan tallan don samar da hadaddun, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin abin rufe fuska.

Emulsifier wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da surfactants biyu shine gauraye emulsifier. Saboda tsananin hulɗar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, tashin hankali na tsaka-tsakin yana raguwa sosai, adadin emulsifier da aka tallata a kan mahaɗin yana ƙaruwa sosai, da yawa da ƙarfin abin rufe fuska na fuska yana ƙaruwa.

A lokacin da samuwar emulsion, interfacial tashin hankali tsakanin man fetur da ruwa ne ƙwarai rage saboda sa hannu na surfactants, kuma ya zama barga emulsion. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai tashin hankali tsakanin ruwan mai da ruwa a cikin emulsion wanda ba zai iya kaiwa sifili ba saboda ƙuntatawar CMC ko solubility. Saboda haka, ruwan shafa fuska shine tsarin rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermodynamic.

A interfacial tashin hankali tsakanin man fetur da ruwa na micro emulsion ne don haka low cewa shi ba za a iya auna. Yana da tsarin kwanciyar hankali na thermodynamic. Ana samun wannan galibi ta hanyar ƙara nau'in surfactant na biyu tare da kaddarorin mabanbanta gabaɗaya (kamar su masu matsakaicin girma irin su pentanol, hexanol, da heptanol, waɗanda aka sani da co surfactants), wanda zai iya ƙara rage tashin hankali na tsaka-tsaki zuwa ƙaramin matakin, har ma yana haifar da munanan dabi'u nan take. Ana iya bayanin wannan ta hanyar lissafin tallan Gibbs don tsarin sassa da yawa.

 

3. Nau'in emulsion

Nau'in

Common emulsion , daya lokaci ne ruwa ko aqueous bayani, da kuma sauran ne Organic kwayoyin da cewa shi ne insoluble da ruwa, kamar man shafawa, kakin zuma, da dai sauransu emulsion kafa ta ruwa da man za a iya raba uku iri:

(a) Mai a nau'in ruwa (O'W)
(e) Ruwan madara (W/O/W)
(b) Mai a cikin nau'in ruwa (W/O)

(1) Mai/ruwa (0/W) emulsion, mai ya watse cikin ruwa. Oil lokaci ne da aka tarwatsa (tsawon ciki), kuma ruwa shine ci gaba mai ci gaba (tsawon waje) mai a cikin emulsion na ruwa, wanda za'a iya diluted da ruwa. Kamar madara, madara waken soya, da sauransu.

(2) Ruwa/mai (W/0) emulsion, ruwan da aka watsa a cikin mai. Ruwa lokaci ne mai tarwatsewa (tsawon ciki) kuma mai shine ci gaba mai ci gaba (lokacin waje) na ruwa a cikin emulsion mai. Irin wannan emulsion za a iya diluted da man fetur. Kamar man shanu na wucin gadi, danyen mai, da sauransu.

(3) Ring dimbin yawa emulsions, kafa ta alternating watsawa na ruwa da kuma man matakai Layer da Layer, yafi zo a cikin nau'i biyu: mai a cikin ruwa da kuma man fetur a cikin mai 0/W/0 (watau ruwa lokaci tare da tarwatsa man droplets dakatar a cikin man lokaci da ruwa a cikin man fetur da ruwa a cikin ruwa W/0/W (watau man lokaci tare da tarwatsa ruwa droplets dakatar da kullum a cikin ruwa lokaci ne rare da irin wannan nau'i na man fetur).

 

Hanyar duba nau'in emulsion

(1) Hanyar dilution

Tsarma da emulsion tare da ruwa iri ɗaya kamar ci gaba da lokaci. Emulsion na ruwa mai narkewa shine nau'in mai / ruwa, kuma emulsion mai narkewa shine nau'in ruwa / mai.
Misali, madara za a iya diluted da ruwa, amma ba za a iya micible da kayan lambu mai. Ana iya ganin cewa madara shine O/W emulsion.

(2) Hanyar gudanarwa

Ƙarfafawar ruwa da mai sun bambanta sosai, kuma tasirin mai / ruwa emulsion ya fi girma sau ɗari fiye da na ruwa / mai. Saboda haka, ana shigar da na'urori biyu a cikin emulsion kuma an haɗa neon a jere a cikin madauki, kuma hasken mai / ruwa yana kunne.

(3) Hanyar tabo

Ƙara 2-3 saukad da na tushen mai ko rini na tushen ruwa a cikin bututun gwaji, kuma kuyi hukunci akan nau'in emulsion gwargwadon nau'in rini na iya sa ci gaba da zamani yayi launin ko'ina.

(4) Tace hanyar jikawar takarda

Zuba ruwan shafa akan takarda tace. Idan ruwa zai iya fadada da sauri kuma an bar ɗan ƙaramin digo a tsakiya, ruwan shafa shine mai a cikin ruwa; idan ruwan magarya bai fadi ba, mai a nau'in ruwa.

(5) Hanyar refraction na gani

Ana amfani da ma'anar refractive daban-daban na ruwa da mai zuwa haske don gano nau'in emulsion. Idan emulsion shine mai a cikin ruwa, ƙwayoyin suna taka rawa wajen tattara haske, kuma kawai alamar hagu na barbashi za a iya gani tare da microscope; Idan emulsion shine ruwa a cikin man fetur, ƙwayoyin suna taka rawar astigmatism, kuma kawai madaidaicin ma'auni na barbashi za a iya gani tare da microscope;

Babban abubuwan da ke shafar nau'in emulsion

(1) Girman mataki:

0stwald ne ya gabatar da ka'idar ƙarar lokaci daga hangen nesa na geometric. Mahimman ra'ayi shine ɗauka cewa ƙullun ruwan shafaffu girmansu iri ɗaya ne da tsattsauran ra'ayi, juzu'in juzu'i na ƙullun ruwa zai iya ƙididdige kashi 74.02% na jimlar ƙarar lokacin da aka cika su da yawa. Idan ƙarar juzu'i na ƙullun ruwa ya fi 74.02%, ruwan shafa fuska zai lalace ko ya lalace.

(a) Uniform ɗigon ruwa mai wadataccen tari saka emulsion
(b) Rashin daidaituwar ɗigon ruwa mai yawa mai tarin emulsion
(c) ɗigon ruwa mara siffa yana buƙatar stacking da emulsion (rashin kwanciyar hankali)

Ɗauki nau'in nau'in nau'in O/W a matsayin misali, idan adadin adadin mai ya fi 74.02%, emulsion zai iya samar da nau'in W/0 kawai, lokacin da nau'in O/i bai wuce 25.98% ba, kuma lokacin da juzu'i ya kasance 25.98% -74.02%, yana iya samar da nau'in 0/W ko W0.

 

Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta da Abubuwan Abubuwan Emulsifiers - Ka'idar Wedge

Ka'idar wedge ta dogara ne akan tsarin sararin samaniya na emulsifiers don sanin nau'in emulsion. Ka'idar wedge ta nuna cewa sassan sassan sassan hydrophilic da hydrophobic a cikin emulsifiers ba daidai ba ne. Ana kallon kwayoyin halittar emulsifiers a matsayin wedges, tare da babban ƙarshen ɗayan kuma ƙarami. Za'a iya shigar da ƙaramin ƙarshen emulsifier a cikin saman ɗigon ruwa kamar ƙugiya kuma an shirya shi ta hanyar da ta dace a mahaɗin ruwan mai. Ƙarshen iyakacin ruwa na hydrophilic yana ƙara zuwa cikin lokaci mai ruwa, yayin da sarkar hydrocarbon na lipophilic ta kara zuwa lokacin mai, wanda ya haifar da ƙara ƙarfin tsaka-tsaki.

 

Tasirin Kayan Emulsifier akan Nau'in emulsion

Baya ga tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da su kamar kayan haɗin emulsion da yanayin ƙirƙirar emulsion, yanayin waje kuma yana da tasiri akan nau'in emulsion. Alal misali, yanayin hydrophilic da lipophilic na bangon emulsion yana da ƙarfi, kuma O / W emulsion yana da sauƙi don samuwa lokacin da yanayin hydrophilic na bangon emulsion yana da ƙarfi, yayin da W / 0 emulsion yana da sauƙi don samar da lokacin da yanayin lipophilic na bangon emulsion yana da ƙarfi. Dalilin shi ne cewa ruwa yana buƙatar kula da wani Layer na ci gaba da lokaci akan bango, don haka ba shi da sauƙi a tarwatsa a cikin beads na ruwa lokacin motsawa. Gilashi na hydrophilic yayin da filastik shine hydrophobic, don haka tsohon yana da sauƙi don samar da emulsion na O / W yayin da na karshen yana da sauƙi don samar da emulsion W / 0.

 

Ka'idar Tarin Gaggawar Matsaloli Biyu

Ka'idar saurin haɗin gwiwa tana farawa ne daga tasirin saurin haɗin gwiwa na nau'ikan digo guda biyu waɗanda ke yin emulsion akan emulsion, kuma suna yin hukunci da cewa saurin haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan ɗigon guda biyu ya dogara da saurin haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan digo biyu lokacin da emulsion, shark, da kisa tare suka rufe buƙatun.

 

Zazzabi

Ƙara yawan zafin jiki zai rage matakin hydration na ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic, don haka rage yawan kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, 0/w emulsion kafa a low yanayin zafi na iya canzawa zuwa W/0 emulsion a kan dumama up. Wannan zafin jiki na canji shine yanayin zafin da abubuwan hydrophilic da lipophilic na surfactant suka isa daidaitattun daidaito, wanda aka sani da yanayin canjin lokaci PIT.

Duk da haka, lokacin da maida hankali na emulsifier yana da girma sosai don shawo kan tasirin jika na kayan abu, nau'in emulsion da aka kafa kawai ya dogara ne akan yanayin emulsifier kanta kuma ba shi da dangantaka da hydrophilicity da lipophilicity na bangon jirgin ruwa.