Taskar Abubuwan Da Ke Cikin Wannan Labari:
1. Ci gaban Amino Acids
2. Tsarin Properties
3. Abubuwan sinadaran
4.Rarrabawa
5. Magana
6. Physicchemical Properties
7. Dafi
8. Ayyukan antimicrobial
9. Rheological Properties
10. Aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar kwaskwarima
11. Aikace-aikace a cikin kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)rukuni ne na surfactants da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic tare da amino acid ɗaya ko fiye. A wannan yanayin, Amino Acids na iya zama na roba ko kuma an samo su daga furotin hydrolysates ko makamantan hanyoyin sabunta su. Wannan takarda ta ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai na mafi yawan hanyoyin da aka samo asali don AAS da kuma tasirin hanyoyi daban-daban akan kaddarorin physicochemical na samfurori na ƙarshe, ciki har da solubility, kwanciyar hankali watsawa, toxicity da biodegradability. A matsayin nau'in surfactants a cikin karuwar buƙatu, haɓakar AAS saboda tsarin su yana ba da damammakin kasuwanci da yawa.
Ganin cewa surfactants ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin wanka, emulsifiers, lalata inhibitors, jami'a man dawo da Pharmaceuticals, masu bincike ba su daina kula da surfactants.
Surfactants sune mafi wakilcin samfuran sinadarai waɗanda ake cinye su da yawa a kullun a duk faɗin duniya kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri akan yanayin ruwa.Nazarin ya nuna cewa yawan amfani da na'urorin gargajiya na gargajiya na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga muhalli.
A yau, rashin guba, biodegradability da biocompatibility kusan suna da mahimmanci ga masu amfani kamar amfani da aikin surfactants.
Biosurfactants sune surfactants masu ɗorewa na muhalli waɗanda ke haɗawa ta halitta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da yisti, ko ɓoyewa ta waje.Sabili da haka, ana iya shirya biosurfactants ta hanyar ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta don kwaikwayi tsarin amphiphilic na halitta, kamar phospholipids, alkyl glycosides da acyl Amino Acids.
Amino Acid surfactants (AAS)suna ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun, yawanci ana samarwa daga dabba ko albarkatun da aka samu ta hanyar noma. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, AAS ya jawo hankalin masana kimiyya da yawa a matsayin ƙwararrun masana kimiyya, ba wai kawai saboda ana iya haɗa su daga albarkatu masu sabuntawa ba, har ma saboda AAS suna da saurin lalacewa kuma suna da samfuran da ba su da lahani, yana sa su zama mafi aminci ga muhalli.
Ana iya bayyana AAS azaman nau'in surfactants wanda ya ƙunshi Amino Acids masu ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) ko ragowar Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Yankunan aiki guda 2 na Amino Acids suna ba da izinin samun nau'ikan surfactants iri-iri. Jimlar daidaitattun 20 Proteinogenic Amino Acids an san su da kasancewa a cikin yanayi kuma suna da alhakin duk halayen ilimin lissafi a cikin haɓaka da ayyukan rayuwa. Sun bambanta da juna kawai bisa ga ragowar R (Figure 1, pk a shine mummunan logarithm na acid dissociation akai-akai na maganin). Wasu ba polar da hydrophobic, wasu polar da hydrophilic, wasu na asali wasu kuma acidic.
Saboda Amino Acids mahadi ne masu sabuntawa, surfactants da aka haɗa daga Amino Acids suma suna da babban yuwuwar zama masu dorewa da abokantaka na muhalli. Tsarin mai sauƙi da na halitta, ƙarancin guba da saurin biodegradability sau da yawa yakan sa su fi na al'ada surfactants. Amfani da albarkatun da ake sabunta su (misali Amino Acids da mai kayan lambu), Ana iya samar da AAS ta hanyoyi daban-daban na kimiyyar halittu da hanyoyin sinadarai.
A farkon karni na 20, an fara gano amino acids da za a yi amfani da su a matsayin abin da ake amfani da su don haɗakar da surfactants.An yi amfani da AAS galibi azaman abubuwan kiyayewa a cikin ƙirar magunguna da kayan kwalliya.Bugu da ƙari, an gano AAS cewa yana aiki ne ta hanyar ilimin halitta akan nau'o'in kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da cututtuka, ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi, da ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin 1988, kasancewar AAS mai ƙarancin farashi ya haifar da sha'awar bincike game da ayyukan saman. A yau, tare da haɓaka fasahar kere kere, wasu Amino Acids kuma ana iya haɗa su ta kasuwanci akan babban sikelin ta yisti, wanda a kaikaice ya tabbatar da cewa samar da AAS ya fi dacewa da muhalli.
01 Ci gaban Amino Acids
Tun farkon karni na 19, lokacin da aka fara gano amino acid da ke faruwa a zahiri, an yi hasashen tsarin su na da matukar amfani - ana iya amfani da su azaman albarkatun kasa don shirya amphiphiles. Binciken farko game da haɗin AAS ya ruwaito ta Bondi a cikin 1909.
A cikin wannan binciken, an gabatar da N-acylglycine da N-acylalanine a matsayin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic don surfactants. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da haɗakar lipoAmino Acids (AAS) ta amfani da glycine da alanine, da Hentrich et al. ya buga jerin binciken,ciki har da aikace-aikacen patent na farko, akan amfani da acyl sarcosinate da acyl aspartate salts azaman surfactants a cikin samfuran tsabtace gida (misali shampoos, detergents da toothpastes).Daga baya, masu bincike da yawa sun binciki haɗin kai da kaddarorin physicochemical na acyl Amino Acids. Har zuwa yau, an buga babban ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen akan haɓakawa, kaddarorin, aikace-aikacen masana'antu da biodegradability na AAS.
02 Abubuwan Tsari
Sarƙoƙin acid fatty acid wanda ba na iyakacin duniya ba na AAS na iya bambanta cikin tsari, tsayin sarkar da lamba.Bambance-bambancen tsari da babban aikin saman AAS sun bayyana fa'idar bambance-bambancen abun da ke tattare da su da physicochemical da kaddarorin halittu. Ƙungiyoyin shugabannin AAS sun ƙunshi Amino Acids ko peptides. Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙungiyoyin kai sun ƙayyade adsorption, tarawa da ayyukan nazarin halittu na waɗannan surfactants. Ƙungiyoyin aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kai sannan su ƙayyade nau'in AAS, ciki har da cationic, anionic, nonionic, da amphoteric. Haɗin hydrophilic Amino Acids da hydrophobic dogon sarkar sassan suna samar da tsarin amphiphilic wanda ke sa kwayoyin halitta aiki sosai. Bugu da kari, kasancewar asymmetric carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin yana taimakawa wajen samar da kwayoyin chiral.
03 Haɗin Sinadari
Duk Peptides da Polypeptides sune samfuran Polymerization na waɗannan kusan 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Duk 20 α-Amino Acids sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar aiki na carboxylic acid (-COOH) da ƙungiyar aikin amino (-NH 2), duka biyun da aka haɗe zuwa tetrahedral α-carbon atom. Amino Acids sun bambanta da juna ta ƙungiyoyin R daban-daban da aka haɗe zuwa α-carbon (sai dai lycine, inda rukunin R shine hydrogen.) Ƙungiyoyin R na iya bambanta da tsari, girman da caji (acidity, alkalinity). Waɗannan bambance-bambancen kuma suna ƙayyade narkewar amino acid a cikin ruwa.
Amino Acids chiral ne (ban da glycine) kuma suna aiki da kyau ta yanayi saboda suna da madogara daban-daban guda huɗu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da alpha carbon. Amino Acids suna da nau'i biyu masu yiwuwa; Hotunan madubi ne da ba su mamaye juna ba, duk da cewa adadin L-stereoisomers ya fi girma sosai. Rukunin R da ke cikin wasu Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine da Tryptophan) sune aryl, wanda ke haifar da matsakaicin ɗaukar UV a 280 nm. α-COOH acidic da ainihin α-NH 2 a cikin Amino Acids suna da ikon ionization, kuma duka stereoisomers, ko wanene, suna gina ma'aunin ionization da aka nuna a ƙasa.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Kamar yadda aka nuna a ma'aunin ionization na sama, amino acid sun ƙunshi aƙalla ƙungiyoyin acidic guda biyu marasa rauni; duk da haka, ƙungiyar carboxyl ta fi yawan acidic idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar amino ɗin da aka haɗa. pH 7.4, rukunin carboxyl yana raguwa yayin da ƙungiyar amino ɗin ke haɓakawa. Amino acid tare da ƙungiyoyin R da ba ionizable ba suna tsaka tsaki ta hanyar lantarki a wannan pH kuma suna samar da zwitterion.
04 Rarrabawa
Ana iya rarraba AAS bisa ga ka'idoji huɗu, waɗanda aka bayyana a ƙasa bi da bi.
4.1 Bisa ga asali
| Bisa ga asali, AAS za a iya raba kashi 2 kamar haka. ① Nau'in Halitta Wasu mahaɗan da ke faruwa a zahiri waɗanda ke ɗauke da amino acid kuma suna da ikon rage tashin hankali na saman/tsayin fuska, wasu ma sun zarce ingancin glycolipids. Wadannan AAS kuma ana kiran su da lipopeptides. Lipopeptides ƙananan mahadi ne masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta, yawanci nau'in Bacillus ne ke samarwa.
Irin wannan AAS an ƙara raba zuwa kashi 3:Surfactin, iturin da fengycin.
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| Iyalin peptides masu aiki a saman sun ƙunshi bambance-bambancen heptapeptide na abubuwa iri-iri,kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2a, wanda C12-C16 unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid sarkar an haɗa shi da peptide. The surface-active peptide ne macrocyclic lactone a cikin abin da zobe aka rufe ta catalysis tsakanin C-terminus na β-hydroxy fatty acid da peptide. A cikin ƙaramin aji na iturin, akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda shida, wato iturin A da C, mycosubtilin da bacillomycin D, F da L.A kowane hali, ana danganta heptapeptides zuwa sarƙoƙi na C14-C17 na β-amino fatty acids (sarƙoƙin na iya bambanta). Game da ekurimycins, rukunin amino a matsayin β-matsayin zai iya samar da haɗin kan amide tare da C-terminus don haka samar da tsarin lactam na macrocyclic.
Fengycin subclass ya ƙunshi fengycin A da B, waɗanda kuma ake kira plipastatin lokacin da aka saita Tyr9 D.An haɗa decapeptide zuwa C14 -C18 cikakken ko sarkar β-hydroxy fatty acid mara kyau. Tsarin tsari, plipastatin shima lactone macrocyclic ne, yana dauke da sarkar gefen Tyr a matsayi na 3 na jerin peptide kuma yana samar da ester bond tare da ragowar C-terminal, don haka ya samar da tsarin zobe na ciki (kamar yadda lamarin yake ga yawancin Pseudomonas lipopeptides).
② Rukunin Rubutu Hakanan ana iya haɗa AAS ta amfani da kowane acidic, asali da kuma amino acid tsaka tsaki. Amino acid na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da su don haɗin AAS sune glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, da furotin hydrolysates. Ana iya shirya wannan ƙananan nau'in surfactants ta hanyar sinadarai, enzymatic, da hanyoyin chemoenzymatic; duk da haka, don samar da AAS, haɗin sunadarai ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki. Misalai na gama gari sun haɗa da N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid da N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Dangane da abubuwan maye gurbin sarkar aliphatic
Dangane da abubuwan maye gurbin sarkar aliphatic, ana iya raba tushen amino acid surfactants zuwa nau'ikan 2.
Dangane da matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa
| ①N-musanya AAS A cikin abubuwan da aka maye gurbin N, ana maye gurbin rukunin amino da ƙungiyar lipophilic ko ƙungiyar carboxyl, wanda ke haifar da asarar asali. Misali mafi sauƙi na N-musanya AAS sune N-acyl amino acids, waɗanda su ne ainihin surfactants anionic. n-musanyawa AAS suna da haɗin kan amide da ke haɗe tsakanin sassan hydrophobic da hydrophilic. Ƙungiyar amide tana da ikon samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, wanda ke sauƙaƙe lalata wannan surfactant a cikin yanayin acidic, don haka ya sa ya zama biodegradable.
②C-musanya AAS A cikin abubuwan da aka maye gurbin C, maye gurbin yana faruwa a ƙungiyar carboxyl (ta hanyar amide ko ester bond). Abubuwan da aka maye gurbin C na yau da kullun (misali esters ko amides) sune ainihin cationic surfactants.
③N- da C-maye gurbin AAS A cikin wannan nau'in surfactant, duka amino da ƙungiyoyin carboxyl sune ɓangaren hydrophilic. Wannan nau'i na ainihi shine amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Dangane da adadin wutsiyoyi na hydrophobic
Dangane da adadin ƙungiyoyin kai da wutsiyoyi na hydrophobic, ana iya raba AAS zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu. Madaidaicin sarkar AAS, Gemini (dimer) nau'in AAS, nau'in Glycerolipid AAS, da nau'in amphiphilic bicephalic (Bola) nau'in AAS. madaidaiciya-sarkar surfactants su ne surfactants da suka ƙunshi amino acid tare da wutsiyar hydrophobic guda ɗaya kawai (Hoto na 3). Nau'in Gemini AAS yana da ƙungiyoyin shugabannin kan iyaka na amino acid guda biyu da wutsiyoyi biyu na hydrophobic a kowace kwayar halitta (Hoto 4). A cikin wannan nau'in tsari, AAS guda biyu madaidaiciyar sarkar an haɗa su tare ta hanyar sararin samaniya don haka ana kiran su dimers. A cikin nau'in Glycerolipid AAS, a gefe guda, wutsiyoyi biyu na hydrophobic suna haɗe zuwa rukunin amino acid iri ɗaya. Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan surfactants a matsayin analogs na monoglycerides, diglycerides da phospholipids, yayin da a cikin nau'in Bola-type AAS, ƙungiyoyin amino acid guda biyu suna haɗuwa da wutsiya ta hydrophobic.
4.4 Dangane da nau'in rukunin shugaban
①Cationic AAS
Babban rukunin wannan nau'in surfactant yana da ingantaccen caji. Farkon cationic AAS shine ethyl cocoyl arginate, wanda shine pyrrolidone carboxylate. A musamman da bambancin Properties na wannan surfactant sa shi da amfani a disinfectants, antimicrobial jamiái, antistatic jamiái, gashi conditioners, kazalika da kasancewa m a kan idanu da fata da readily biodegradable. Singare da Mhatre sun haɗa cationic AAS na tushen arginine kuma sun kimanta kaddarorinsu na sinadarai. A cikin wannan binciken, sun yi iƙirarin yawan amfanin ƙasa na samfuran da aka samu ta amfani da yanayin halayen Schotten-Baumann. Tare da haɓaka tsayin sarkar alkyl da hydrophobicity, aikin saman na surfactant ya sami karuwa kuma Mahimmancin Micelle Concentration (cmc) ya ragu. Wani kuma shine furotin acyl na quaternary, wanda aka fi amfani dashi azaman kwandishana a cikin kayan gyaran gashi.
②Anionic AAS
A cikin surfactants anionic, rukunin shugaban polar na surfactant yana da caji mara kyau. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), amino acid da aka saba samu a cikin urchin teku da taurarin teku, yana da alaƙa da glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,) na asali na amino acid da aka samo. a cikin sel masu shayarwa. -COOH,) yana da alaƙa da sinadarai da glycine, wanda shine ainihin amino acid da ake samu a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid da halides da esters yawanci ana amfani dasu don haɗa sarcosinate surfactants. Sarcosinates suna da laushi da gaske don haka ana amfani da su a cikin wanke baki, shamfu, fesa kumfa, sunscreens, tsabtace fata, da sauran kayan kwaskwarima.
Sauran kasuwancin anionic AAS sun haɗa da Amisoft CS-22 da AmiliteGCK-12, waɗanda sunayen kasuwanci ne na sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate da potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, bi da bi. Amilite ana yawan amfani da shi azaman wakili na kumfa, wanka, solubilizer, emulsifier da dispersant, kuma yana da aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin kayan kwalliya, kamar shamfu, sabulun wanka, wankin jiki, goge goge, goge fuska, sabulun wankewa, masu tsabtace ruwan tabarau da kayan aikin gida. Ana amfani da Amisoft azaman mai laushin fata da tsabtace gashi, galibi a cikin masu tsabtace fuska da na jiki, toshe kayan wanka na roba, samfuran kula da jiki, shamfu da sauran kayayyakin kula da fata.
③zwitterionic ko amphoteric AAS
Amphoteric surfactants yana ƙunshe da wuraren acidic da na asali kuma don haka suna iya canza cajin su ta canza ƙimar pH. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na alkaline suna yin kama da surfactants anionic, yayin da a cikin yanayin acidic suna yin kama da cationic surfactants kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na tsaka tsaki kamar amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) da kuma alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine su ne kawai sanannun amphoteric surfactants dangane da amino acid. LL samfuri ne na lysine da lauric acid. Saboda tsarinsa na amphoteric, LL ba ya narkewa a kusan kowane nau'in kaushi, ban da alkalai ko kaushi na acid. A matsayin foda na kwayoyin halitta, LL yana da kyakkyawan mannewa zuwa saman hydrophilic da ƙarancin ƙima na juzu'i, yana ba da wannan ingantaccen ikon mai mai. Ana amfani da LL sosai a cikin man shafawa da gyaran gashi, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman mai mai.
④ Nonionic AAS
Nonionic surfactants suna halin ƙungiyoyin shugabannin polar ba tare da cajin hukuma ba. takwas sabon ethoxylated nonionic surfactants aka shirya ta Al-Sabagh et al. daga α-amino acid mai-mai narkewa. A cikin wannan tsari, L-phenylalanine (LEP) da L-leucine an fara ƙaddamar da su tare da hexadecanol, sannan amidation tare da palmitic acid don ba da amides biyu da esters biyu na α-amino acid. Sai amides da esters sun sami halayen haɓakawa tare da ethylene oxide don shirya abubuwan phenylalanine guda uku tare da lambobi daban-daban na raka'a polyoxyethylene (40, 60 da 100). An samo waɗannan AAS marasa lafiya suna da kyakkyawan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa da kayan kumfa.
05 Haɗin kai
5.1 Hanyar roba ta asali
A cikin AAS, ana iya haɗa ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic zuwa wuraren amine ko carboxylic acid, ko ta sassan sassan amino acid. Dangane da wannan, ana samun manyan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 5.
Hoto.5 Hanyoyi masu mahimmanci na kira na tushen amino acid surfactants
| Tafarki 1. Amphiphilic ester amines ana samar da su ta hanyar halayen esterification, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ana samun haɗaɗɗun surfactant ta hanyar refluxing barasa mai kitse da amino acid a gaban wakili na dehydrating da mai haɓaka acidic. A wasu halayen, sulfuric acid yana aiki azaman mai kara kuzari da wakili na dehydrating.
Tafarki 2. Amino acid da aka kunna suna amsawa tare da alkylamines don samar da haɗin kan amide, yana haifar da haɗin amphiphilic amidoamines.
Tafarki 3. Amino acid ana haɗa su ta hanyar amsa ƙungiyoyin aminin amino acid tare da Amido Acids.
Tafarki 4. Amino acid na alkyl mai tsayin sarka an haɗa su ta hanyar martanin ƙungiyoyin amine tare da haloalkanes. |
5.2 Ci gaba a cikin kira da samarwa
5.2.1 Haɗin amino acid mai sarka ɗaya/peptide surfactants
Ana iya haɗa N-acyl ko O-acyl amino acid ko peptides ta hanyar acylation-catalyzed enzyme na amine ko ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl tare da fatty acids. Rahoton farko akan haɗin amino acid amide ko methyl ester wanda ba shi da ƙarfi ya yi amfani da Candida antarctica, tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa daga 25% zuwa 90% dangane da amino acid da aka yi niyya. Methyl ethyl ketone kuma an yi amfani dashi azaman kaushi a wasu halayen. Vonderhagen et al. Har ila yau, an bayyana lipase da protease-catalyzed N-acylation halayen amino acid, protein hydrolysates da / ko abubuwan da suka samo asali ta hanyar amfani da cakuda ruwa da abubuwan kaushi (misali, dimethylformamide/ruwa) da methyl butyl ketone.
A cikin farkon kwanakin, babban matsala tare da haɓakar enzyme-catalyzed na AAS shine ƙananan yawan amfanin ƙasa. A cewar Valivety et al. Abubuwan da ake samu na N-tetradecanoyl amino acid abubuwan da suka samo asali ne kawai 2% -10% ko da bayan amfani da lipases daban-daban da incubating a 70 ° C na kwanaki da yawa. Montet et al. Hakanan sun ci karo da matsaloli game da ƙarancin amfanin amino acid a cikin haɗin N-acyl lysine ta amfani da fatty acid da mai. A cewarsu, matsakaicin yawan amfanin samfurin ya kasance 19% a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba shi da ƙarfi da kuma amfani da kaushi. An ci karo da wannan matsala ta Valivety et al. a cikin haɗin N-Cbz-L-lysine ko N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester abubuwan da aka samo.
A cikin wannan binciken, sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawan amfanin 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine ya kasance 80% lokacin amfani da serine mai kariya ta N-kariya da Novozyme 435 a matsayin mai haɓakawa a cikin yanayin da ba shi da ƙarfi. Nagao da Kito sunyi nazarin O-acylation na L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine da L-tyrosine (LET) lokacin amfani da lipase Sakamakon amsawa (lipase ya samu ta Candida cylindracea da Rhizopus delemar a cikin matsakaiciyar ruwa mai ruwa) kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan acylation na L-homoserine da L-serine sun ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan, yayin da babu acylation na L-threonine da LET.
Yawancin masu bincike sun goyi bayan yin amfani da ma'auni mai sauƙi da samuwa don haɗakar AAS mai tsada. Su da al. da'awar cewa shirye-shiryen na tushen dabino surfactants yana aiki mafi kyau tare da lipoenzyme mara motsi. Sun lura cewa amfanin samfuran zai fi kyau duk da ɗaukar lokaci (kwanaki 6). Gerova et al. bincika kira da aikin saman na chiral N-palmitoyl AAS dangane da methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine da phenylglycine a cikin cakuda cyclic / launin fata. Pang da Chu sun bayyana haɗin amino acid na tushen monomers da dicarboxylic acid tushen monomers a cikin bayani An haɗa jerin esters na aiki da kuma na tushen amino acid na tushen polyamide an haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin bayani.
Cantaeuzene da Guerreiro sun ba da rahoton esterification na ƙungiyoyin carboxylic acid na Boc-Ala-OH da Boc-Asp-OH tare da dogon sarkar aliphatic alcohols da diols, tare da dichloromethane a matsayin ƙarfi da agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) a matsayin mai kara kuzari. A cikin wannan binciken, amsawar Boc-Ala-OH tare da barasa mai kitse har zuwa 16 carbons sun ba da sakamako mai kyau (51%), yayin da Boc-Asp-OH 6 da 12 carbons sun kasance mafi kyau, tare da daidaitaccen yawan amfanin ƙasa na 63% [64] ]. 99.9%) a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa daga 58% zuwa 76%, waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar samar da haɗin gwiwar amide tare da alkylamines masu tsayi daban-daban ko ester bonds tare da fatty alcohols ta Cbz-Arg-OMe, inda papain ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kara kuzari.
5.2.2 Haɗin gwiwar amino acid/peptide surfactants na tushen gemini
Amino acid na tushen gemini surfactants sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin AAS madaidaiciya madaidaiciya guda biyu waɗanda ke haɗa kai da kai da juna ta ƙungiyar sarari. Akwai yuwuwar tsare-tsare guda 2 don haɗin chemoenzymatic na nau'in gemini-nau'in amino acid surfactants (Figures 6 da 7). A cikin hoto na 6, ana amsa abubuwan da suka samo asali na amino acid 2 tare da fili a matsayin rukunin sarari sannan kuma an gabatar da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic 2. A cikin Hoto na 7, tsarin sarka madaidaiciya guda 2 suna haɗe kai tsaye tare da ƙungiyar sarari mai aiki biyu.
Farkon haɓakar haɓakar enzyme-catalyzed kirar gemini lipoamino acid ya kasance majagaba ta Valivety et al. Yoshimura et al. yayi bincike akan hadawa, adsorption da tarawa na gemini surfactant na tushen amino acid dangane da cystine da n-alkyl bromide. An kwatanta na'urorin da aka haɗa tare da madaidaicin surfactants na monomeric. Faustino et al. ya bayyana kira na anionic urea-based monomeric AAS dangane da L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine da L-sulfoalanine da nau'i-nau'i na gemini ta hanyar haɓakawa, daidaituwar tashin hankali da kuma tsayayye. -state fluorescence halayyar su. An nuna cewa girman cmc na gemini ya kasance ƙasa ta hanyar kwatanta monomer da gemini.
Fig.6 Haɗin gemini AAS ta amfani da abubuwan AA da spacer, sannan shigar da ƙungiyar hydrophobic.
Fig.7 Haɗin gwiwar gemini AASs ta amfani da spacer bifunctional da AAS
5.2.3 Haɗin gwiwar glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants sabon aji ne na lipid amino acid wadanda suke tsarin analogs na glycerol mono- (ko di-) esters da phospholipids, saboda tsarin su na sarkar mai mai guda ko biyu tare da amino acid guda daya da ke hade da kashin glycerol. ta hanyar ester bond. Haɗin waɗannan surfactants yana farawa da shirye-shiryen esters na glycerol na amino acid a yanayin zafi mai tsayi kuma a gaban mai haɓaka acidic (misali BF 3). Enzyme-catalyzed kira (amfani da hydrolases, proteases da lipases a matsayin mai kara kuzari) shima zaɓi ne mai kyau (Hoto 8).
An ba da rahoton hada-hadar enzyme-catalyzed na dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates ta amfani da papain. An kuma bayar da rahoton hada-hadar diacylglycerol ester conjugates daga acetylarginine da kuma kimanta kaddarorinsu na physicochemical.
Fig.8 Maganar mono da diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
sarari: NH- (CH2)10-NH: fili B1
Saukewa: NH-C6H4-NH: fili B2
Saukewa: CH2-CH2Saukewa: B3
Fig.9 Haɗin kai na amphiphiles mai simmetric da aka samo daga Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Haɗin amino acid/peptide surfactants na tushen bola
Amino acid na tushen bola-amphiphiles sun ƙunshi amino acid guda 2 waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sarkar hydrophobic iri ɗaya. Franceschi et al. ya bayyana haɗin nau'in amphiphiles na bola tare da amino acid 2 (D- ko L-alanine ko L-histidine) da kuma 1 alkyl sarkar tsayi daban-daban kuma sun binciki ayyukansu na sama. Suna tattaunawa akan haɗawa da haɗuwa na novel bola-type amphiphiles tare da juzu'in amino acid (amfani da ko dai β-amino acid ko barasa) da kuma rukunin C12-C20 spacer. Abubuwan β-amino acid da ba a saba amfani da su ba na iya zama amino acid na sukari, amino acid wanda aka samu azidothymin (AZT), amino acid na norbornene, da kuma amino barasa da aka samu daga AZT (Hoto 9). haɗakar nau'in amphiphiles na simmetrical bola waɗanda aka samo daga tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Hoto na 9).
06 Physicochemical Properties
An sani cewa amino acid tushen surfactants (AAS) ne daban-daban da kuma m a cikin yanayi da kuma da kyau applicability a da yawa aikace-aikace kamar mai kyau solubilization, mai kyau emulsification Properties, high dace, high surface aiki yi da kuma mai kyau jure wuya ruwa (calcium ion). hakuri).
Dangane da abubuwan da ke tattare da amino acid (misali tashin hankali na sama, cmc, halayen lokaci da zafin jiki na Krafft), an cimma matsaya masu zuwa bayan nazari mai zurfi - aikin saman AAS ya fi na takwaransa na surfactant na al'ada.
6.1 Mahimmancin Tattaunawar Micelle (cmc)
M micele maida hankali ne daya daga cikin muhimman sigogi na surfactants da kuma gudanar da yawa surface aiki Properties kamar solubilization, cell lysis da ta hulda da biofilms, da dai sauransu Gaba ɗaya, ƙara da sarkar tsawon na hydrocarbon wutsiya (ƙara hydrophobicity) take kaiwa zuwa wani rage. a cikin ƙimar cmc na maganin surfactant, don haka yana haɓaka aikin samansa. Surfactants dangane da amino acid yawanci suna da ƙananan ƙimar cmc idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada surfactants.
Ta hanyar haɗuwa daban-daban na ƙungiyoyin kai da wutsiyoyi na hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. Haɓaka AAS na tushen arginine guda uku kuma yayi nazarin cmc da γcmc (yunƙurin saman a cmc), yana nuna cewa ƙimar cmc da γcmc sun ragu tare da haɓaka tsayin wutsiya na hydrophobic. A wani binciken, Singare da Mhatre sun gano cewa cmc na N-a-acylarginine surfactants ya ragu tare da ƙara yawan adadin carbon wutsiya na wutsiya (Table 1).
Yoshimura et al. ya bincika cmc na gemini surfactants na tushen amino acid cysteine kuma ya nuna cewa cmc ya ragu lokacin da tsayin sarkar carbon a cikin sarkar hydrophobic ya karu daga 10 zuwa 12. Bugu da ƙari da haɓaka tsawon sarkar carbon zuwa 14 ya haifar da karuwa a cmc. wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dogon sarkar gemini surfactants suna da ƙananan hali don tarawa.
Faustino et al. ya ba da rahoton samuwar gauraye micelles a cikin maganin ruwa na anionic gemini surfactants dangane da cystine. Hakanan an kwatanta gemini surfactants tare da daidaitattun abubuwan da suka dace na monomeric surfactants (C 8 Cys). An ba da rahoton ƙimar cmc na haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗen lipid-surfactant sun yi ƙasa da na tsantsar surfactants. gemini surfactants da 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, ruwa mai narkewa, micele-forming phospholipid, yana da cmc a cikin matakin millimolar.
Shrestha da Aramaki sun binciki samuwar tsutsotsi masu kama da micelles a cikin mafita mai ruwa-ruwa na gaurayawan amino acid na tushen anionic-nonionic surfactants a cikin rashin haɓakar gishiri. A cikin wannan binciken, an gano N-dodecyl glutamate yana da yawan zafin jiki na Krafft; duk da haka, lokacin da aka lalata shi da ainihin amino acid L-lysine, ya haifar da micelles kuma maganin ya fara zama kamar ruwan Newtonian a 25 ° C.
6.2 Kyakkyawan narkewar ruwa
Kyakkyawan solubility na ruwa na AAS shine saboda kasancewar ƙarin haɗin CO-NH. Wannan yana sa AAS ya zama mafi ƙasƙanci da kuma abokantaka na muhalli fiye da daidaitattun surfactants na al'ada. Solubility na ruwa na N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ya fi kyau saboda ƙungiyoyin carboxyl guda 2. Ruwan ruwa na Cn (CA) 2 shima yana da kyau saboda akwai ƙungiyoyin arginine na ionic guda 2 a cikin kwayoyin 1, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen talla da watsawa a cikin ƙirar tantanin halitta har ma da hana hana ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙananan ƙima.
6.3 Krafft zazzabi da Krafft point
Za'a iya fahimtar zafin jiki na Krafft azaman takamaiman halayen solubility na surfactants waɗanda ƙarfinsu ya ƙaru sosai sama da wani zafin jiki. Ionic surfactants suna da hali don samar da m hydrates, wanda zai iya hazo daga ruwa. A wani zafin jiki na musamman (wanda ake kira Krafft zafin jiki), haɓaka mai ban mamaki da katsewa a cikin solubility na surfactants yawanci ana gani. Wurin Krafft na ion surfactant shine zafin jiki na Krafft a cmc.
Ana iya ganin wannan sifa ta solubility ga masu amfani da ion kuma ana iya bayyana su kamar haka: narkewar monomer na surfactant kyauta yana iyakance a ƙasa da zafin jiki na Krafft har sai an kai madaidaicin Krafft, inda a hankali narkewar sa ke ƙaruwa saboda samuwar micelle. Don tabbatar da cikakken solubility, ya zama dole don shirya surfactant formulations a yanayin zafi sama da Krafft batu.
An yi nazarin zafin jiki na Krafft na AAS kuma idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada surfactants. Shrestha da Aramaki sun yi nazarin zafin jiki na Krafft na AAS na tushen arginine kuma sun gano cewa ƙaddamarwar micelle mai mahimmanci ya nuna halin haɗuwa a cikin nau'i na pre-micelles sama da 2-5. ×10-6 mol-L -1 biye da tsarin micelle na al'ada (Ohta et al. sun haɗa nau'ikan N-hexadecanoyl AAS guda shida daban-daban kuma sun tattauna dangantakar tsakanin zafin jiki na Krafft da ragowar amino acid.
A cikin gwaje-gwajen, an gano cewa zafin jiki na Krafft na N-hexadecanoyl AAS ya karu tare da rage girman ragowar amino acid (phenylalanine kasancewa banda), yayin da zafi na solubility (ɗaukar zafi) ya karu tare da rage girman ragowar amino acid (tare da raguwa). ban da glycine da phenylalanine). An kammala cewa a cikin tsarin alanine da phenylalanine, haɗin gwiwar DL ya fi ƙarfin hulɗar LL a cikin m nau'i na gishiri N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito et al. Ƙaddamar da zafin jiki na Krafft na jerin nau'o'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na amino acid guda uku ta amfani da microcalorimetry na dubawa daban-daban kuma ya gano cewa canza ion trifluoroacetate zuwa iodide ion ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin zafin jiki na Krafft (kimanin 6 ° C), daga 47 ° C zuwa 53 ° C. C. Kasancewar cis-biyu shaidu da rashin daidaituwa da ake samu a cikin dogon sarkar Ser-derivatives ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin zafin jiki na Krafft. n-Dodecyl glutamate an ruwaito yana da zafi mafi girma na Krafft. Koyaya, neutralization tare da ainihin amino acid L-lysine ya haifar da samuwar miceles a cikin maganin da ya yi kama da ruwan Newtonian a 25 ° C.
6.4 Tashin hankali
Tashin hankali na saman surfactants yana da alaƙa da tsayin sarkar sashin hydrophobic. Zhang et al. Ƙaddamar da tashin hankali na sodium cocoyl glycinate ta hanyar Wilhelmy farantin karfe (25 ± 0.2) ° C kuma ya ƙayyade ƙimar yanayin zafi a cmc kamar 33 mN-m -1, cmc kamar 0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. Ƙaddamar da tashin hankali na 2C n Cys nau'in amino acid tushen tashin hankali na 2C n Cys na tushen abubuwan da ke aiki. An gano cewa tashin hankali na saman a cmc ya ragu tare da haɓaka tsayin sarkar (har n = 8), yayin da aka juya yanayin don surfactants tare da n = 12 ko tsayin sarkar.
An kuma yi nazarin tasirin CaC1 2 akan yanayin tashin hankali na dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants. A cikin waɗannan karatun, an ƙara CaC1 2 zuwa maganin ruwa na nau'in nau'in nau'in amino acid dicarboxylated (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, da C12 GluNa 2). An kwatanta ƙimar plateau bayan cmc kuma an gano cewa tashin hankalin saman ya ragu a ƙananan adadin CaC1 2. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin ions na calcium akan tsari na surfactant a wurin haɗin gas-ruwa. Tashin hankali na saman gishiri na N-dodecylaminomalonate da N-dodecylaspartate, a gefe guda kuma, sun kasance kusan akai-akai har zuwa 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 maida hankali. Sama da 10 mmol-L -1, tashin hankali na saman yana ƙaruwa sosai, saboda samuwar hazo na gishirin calcium na surfactant. Don gishiri mai disodium na N-dodecyl glutamate, matsakaicin matsakaici na CaC1 2 ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin tashin hankali, yayin da ci gaba da karuwa a cikin CaC1 2 maida hankali ba ya haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci.
Don ƙayyade kinetics na adsorption na nau'in gemini-AAS a mahaɗin ruwan gas, an ƙaddara tashin hankali mai ƙarfi ta amfani da matsakaicin hanyar matsa lamba. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa don mafi tsayin lokacin gwaji, 2C 12 Cys dynamic surface tashin hankali bai canza ba. Ragewar tashin hankali mai tsauri ya dogara ne kawai akan ƙaddamarwa, tsawon wutsiyoyi na hydrophobic, da adadin wutsiyoyi na hydrophobic. Ƙarfafa maida hankali na surfactant, raguwar tsayin sarkar da adadin sarƙoƙi ya haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri. Sakamakon da aka samu don mafi girma na C n Cys (n = 8 zuwa 12) an gano yana kusa da γ cmc da aka auna ta hanyar Wilhelmy.
A cikin wani binciken, an ƙaddara tashin hankali na sararin samaniya na sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) da sodium didecamino cystine ta hanyar hanyar farantin Wilhelmy, kuma a Bugu da kari, ma'auni na ma'auni na hanyoyin magance su na ruwa an ƙaddara ta hanyar juzu'i mai girma. An kara bincikar martanin haɗin gwiwar disulfide ta wasu hanyoyin kuma. Ƙarin mercaptoethanol zuwa 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC bayani ya haifar da haɓaka da sauri a cikin tashin hankali daga 34 mN-m -1 zuwa 53 mN-m -1. Tun da NaClO na iya oxidize haɗin disulfide na SDLC zuwa ƙungiyoyin sulfonic acid, ba a lura da tarawa ba lokacin da aka ƙara NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) zuwa 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC bayani. Microscope na lantarki mai watsawa da sakamakon watsawar haske mai tsauri ya nuna cewa ba a samar da tari a cikin maganin ba. An sami tashin hankali na saman SDLC yana ƙaruwa daga 34 mN-m -1 zuwa 60 mN-m -1 akan tsawon mintuna 20.
6.5 Ma'amalar saman binaryar
A cikin ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa, ƙungiyoyi da dama sun yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da girgizar ƙasa na gaurayawan cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) da phospholipids a cikin iskar gas-ruwa, a ƙarshe sun kammala cewa wannan dukiya mara kyau tana haifar da yawaitar hulɗar electrostatic.
6.6 Haɗaɗɗen kaddarorin
Ana amfani da warwatsawar haske mai ƙarfi don tantance ƙayyadaddun kayan haɗin amino acid monomers da gemini surfactants a sama da cmc, yana haifar da diamita na hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H). Tarukan da C n Cys da 2Cn Cys suka kirkira suna da girman gaske kuma suna da sikeli mai fa'ida idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwan da ke sama. All surfactants ban da 2C 12 Cys yawanci samar da aggregates na kusan 10 nm. Girman micelle na gemini surfactants sun fi girma fiye da na takwarorinsu na monomeric. Ƙara tsayin sarkar hydrocarbon kuma yana haifar da karuwa a girman micelle. ohta da al. ya bayyana kaddarorin tarawa na nau'ikan stereoisomers daban-daban guda uku na N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium a cikin maganin ruwa kuma ya nuna cewa diastereoisomers suna da mahimmancin haɗuwar haɗuwa iri ɗaya a cikin maganin ruwa. Iwahashi et al. binciken da dichroism madauwari, NMR da tururi matsa lamba osmometry da samuwar chiral aggregates na N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine da methyl esters a cikin daban-daban kaushi (kamar tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4). -dioxane da 1,2-dichloroethane) tare da kaddarorin juyawa an bincika su ta hanyar dichroism madauwari, NMR da osmometry matsa lamba na tururi.
6.7 Adsorption na fuska
Haɓaka haɗin fuska na tushen amino acid surfactants da kwatancensa da takwaransa na al'ada shima ɗaya daga cikin kwatancen bincike. Misali, an bincika kaddarorin tallan fuska na dodecyl esters na amino acid na kamshi da aka samu daga LET da LEP. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa LET da LEP sun baje kolin ƙananan wuraren tsaka-tsaki a mahaɗar ruwan gas da kuma wurin ruwa/hexane, bi da bi.
Bordes et al. ya binciki halayen maganin da kuma adsorption a mahaɗar ruwa na iskar gas na amino acid dicarboxylated guda uku, salts disodium na dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, da aminomalonate (tare da 3, 2, da 1 carbon atom tsakanin ƙungiyoyin carboxyl guda biyu, bi da bi). Bisa ga wannan rahoto, cmc na dicarboxylated surfactants ya kasance sau 4-5 fiye da na gishiri na dodecyl glycine monocarboxylated. Ana danganta wannan ga samuwar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin ɗicarboxylated surfactants da ƙwayoyin maƙwabta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin amide a ciki.
6.8 Halin lokaci
Isotropic katsewar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in iska) ana lura da isotropic don surfactants. Kwayoyin halitta masu girma tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin kai kan haifar da tari na ƙarami tabbatacce. marques et al. yayi nazarin halayen lokaci na tsarin 12Lys12 / 12Ser da 8Lys8 / 16Ser (duba Hoto 10), kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsarin 12Lys12 / 12Ser yana da yanki na rabuwa tsakanin micellar da vesicular mafita yankunan, yayin da 8Lys8 / 16Ser tsarin 8Lys8 / 16Ser tsarin yana nuna ci gaba da canzawa (yankin zamani na elongated micellar tsakanin ƙananan ƙananan micellar yanki da yanki na vesicle). Ya kamata a lura cewa ga yankin vesicle na tsarin 12Lys12 / 12Ser, vesicles koyaushe suna kasancewa tare da miceles, yayin da yankin vesicle na tsarin 8Lys8 / 16Ser yana da vesicles kawai.
Catanionic gauraye na lysine- da na tushen surfactants: m 12Lys12/12Ser biyu (hagu) da asymmetric 8Lys8/16Ser biyu (dama)
6.9 Emulsifying ikon
Kouchi et al. yayi nazarin iyawar emulsifying, tashin hankali na interfacial, dispersibility, da danko na N-[3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, da sauran AAS. A kwatanta da roba surfactants (su na al'ada nonionic da amphoteric takwarorinsu), sakamakon ya nuna cewa AAS da karfi emulsifying ikon fiye da na al'ada surfactants.
Baczko et al. hada novel anionic amino acid surfactants kuma yayi bincike akan dacewarsu azaman abubuwan kaushi na gani na NMR na chiral. Jerin abubuwan sulfonate na tushen amphiphilic L-Phe ko L-Ala waɗanda ke da wutsiyoyi daban-daban na hydrophobic (pentyl~tetradecyl) an haɗa su ta hanyar amsa amino acid tare da o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. hada sodium salts na N-fatty acyl AAS dabincika ikon emulsification su a cikin emulsions mai-in-ruwa, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa waɗannan surfactants sun yi aiki mafi kyau tare da ethyl acetate a matsayin lokacin mai fiye da n-hexane a matsayin lokacin mai.
6.10 Ci gaba a cikin kira da samarwa
Ana iya fahimtar juriya mai wuyar ruwa azaman ƙarfin surfactants don tsayayya da kasancewar ions kamar calcium da magnesium a cikin ruwa mai wuya, watau ikon guje wa hazo cikin sabulun calcium. Surfactants tare da babban juriya na ruwa suna da amfani sosai don kayan aikin wanka da samfuran kulawa na sirri. Ana iya ƙididdige juriya mai wuyar ruwa ta hanyar ƙididdige canji a cikin solubility da aikin saman na surfactant a gaban ions na calcium.
Wata hanyar da za a kimanta juriya mai wuyar ruwa ita ce a lissafta kashi ko gram na surfactant da ake buƙata don sabulun calcium da aka samar daga 100 g na sodium oleate don tarwatsa cikin ruwa. A cikin wuraren da ke da ruwa mai ƙarfi, yawan adadin alli da ions magnesium da abun ciki na ma'adinai na iya sa wasu aikace-aikace masu wahala. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ion sodium azaman ma'aunin ion na wani surfactant anionic na roba. Tun da divalent calcium ion yana daure zuwa duka kwayoyin halitta na surfactant, yana haifar da surfactant don yin hazo da sauri daga maganin da ke haifar da rashin yiwuwar.
Binciken da aka yi na ruwa mai wuyar ruwa na AAS ya nuna cewa acid da ruwa mai ƙarfi sun sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar ƙarin ƙungiyar carboxyl, kuma acid da ruwa mai ƙarfi ya karu tare da ƙara tsawon tsawon rukunin sararin samaniya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin carboxyl guda biyu. . Tsarin acid da juriya mai ƙarfi shine C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Idan aka kwatanta dicarboxylated amide bond da dicarboxylated amino surfactant, bi da bi, an gano cewa pH kewayon na karshen ya fi fadi kuma aikin samansa ya karu tare da ƙarin adadin acid da ya dace. Dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acid sun nuna tasirin chelating a gaban ions alli, kuma C 12 aspartate ya kafa farin gel. c 12 glutamate ya nuna babban aiki mai girma a babban taro na Ca 2+ kuma ana sa ran za a yi amfani da shi a cikin lalata ruwan teku.
6.11 Watsawa
Dispersibility yana nufin ikon mai surfactant don hana haɗin gwiwa da lalatawar surfactant a cikin bayani.Dispersibility wani muhimmin dukiya ne na surfactants wanda ya sa su dace da amfani da su a cikin wanki, kayan shafawa da magunguna.Dole ne wakili mai watsawa ya ƙunshi ester, ether, amide ko amino bond tsakanin ƙungiyar hydrophobic da ƙungiyar hydrophilic ta ƙarshe (ko tsakanin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic madaidaiciya).
Gabaɗaya, anionic surfactants irin su alkanolamido sulfates da amphoteric surfactants irin su amidosulfobetaine suna da tasiri musamman a matsayin masu watsar da sabulun calcium.
Yawancin ƙoƙarin bincike sun ƙayyade rarrabuwar AAS, inda aka gano N-lauroyl lysine bai dace da ruwa ba kuma yana da wahala a yi amfani da shi don ƙirar kwaskwarima.A cikin wannan silsilar, amino acid ɗin da aka maye gurbin N-acyl suna da ƙwaƙƙwaran tarwatsewa kuma ana amfani da su a masana'antar kwaskwarima don haɓaka abubuwan ƙira.
07 Dafi
Surfactants na al'ada, musamman cationic surfactants, suna da guba sosai ga halittun ruwa. Mummunan gubar su ya faru ne saboda yanayin hulɗar adsorption-ion na surfactants a mahaɗin ruwan tantanin halitta. Rage cmc na surfactants yawanci yana haifar da haɓakar fage mai ƙarfi na surfactants, wanda yawanci yana haifar da haɓakar halayen su. Haɓakawa a cikin tsayin sarkar hydrophobic na surfactants kuma yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayar cuta mai haɗari.Yawancin AAS suna da ƙananan ko marasa guba ga mutane da muhalli (musamman ga kwayoyin ruwa) kuma sun dace da amfani da kayan abinci, magunguna da kayan shafawa.Yawancin masu bincike sun nuna cewa amino acid surfactants suna da laushi kuma ba su da haushi ga fata. Arginine tushen surfactants an san su zama masu guba fiye da takwarorinsu na al'ada.
Brito et al. yayi nazarin physicochemical da toxicological Properties na amino acid-tushen amphiphiles da su [samfurin daga tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) da lysine (Lys)] samu kwatsam samuwar cationic vesicles kuma ya ba da bayanai game da m guba ga Daphnia magna (IC 50). Sun hada da cationic vesicles na dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) / Lys-derivatives da / ko Ser-/ Lys-derivative garwayayye da kuma gwada su ecotoxicity da hemolytic damar, nuna cewa duk AAS da vesicle-dauke da gauraye ba su da guba fiye da na al'ada surfactant DTAB. .
Rosa et al. yayi bincike akan ɗaure (ƙungiya) na DNA zuwa barga na tushen amino acid cationic vesicles. Ba kamar cationic surfactants na al'ada ba, waɗanda galibi suna bayyana mai guba, hulɗar cationic amino acid surfactants yana bayyana ba mai guba bane. AAS na cationic yana dogara ne akan arginine, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya samar da barga vesicles a hade tare da wasu surfactants anionic. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa masu hana lalata tushen amino acid ba su da guba. Wadannan surfactants ana sauƙin haɗa su tare da babban tsabta (har zuwa 99%), ƙananan farashi, sauƙi mai sauƙi, kuma gaba ɗaya mai narkewa a cikin kafofin watsa labaru mai ruwa. Nazarin da yawa sun nuna cewa sulfur mai ɗauke da amino acid surfactants sun fi girma wajen hana lalata.
A cikin binciken kwanan nan, Perinelli et al. ya ba da rahoton ingantaccen bayanin toxicological na rhamnolipids idan aka kwatanta da surfactants na al'ada. Rhamnolipids an san su da aiki azaman haɓaka haɓakawa. Har ila yau, sun ba da rahoton tasirin rhamnolipids a kan tasirin epithelial na magungunan macromolecular.
08 Ayyukan antimicrobial
Ayyukan antimicrobial na surfactants za a iya kimantawa ta mafi ƙarancin maida hankali. An yi nazari dalla-dalla dalla-dalla ayyukan antimicrobial na tushen surfactants na arginine. An gano kwayoyin cutar Gram-korau sun fi juriya ga abubuwan da ke tushen arginine fiye da kwayoyin cutar Gram-positive. Ayyukan antimicrobial na surfactants yawanci yana ƙaruwa ta kasancewar hydroxyl, cyclopropane ko unsaturated bond a cikin sarƙar acyl. Castillo et al. ya nuna cewa tsayin sarƙoƙin acyl da ingantaccen caji yana ƙayyade ƙimar HLB (ma'auni na hydrophilic-lipophilic) na kwayoyin halitta, kuma waɗannan suna da tasiri akan ikon su na rushe membranes. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester wani muhimmin aji ne na cationic surfactants tare da faffadan ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma Yana da sauƙin biodegradable kuma yana da ƙarancin ko babu guba. Nazarin kan hulɗar Nα-acylarginine methyl ester-based surfactants tare da 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine da 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, samfurin membranes, da kuma tare da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. kasancewar ko rashi na shinge na waje sun nuna cewa wannan nau'in surfactants yana da kyau antimicrobial Sakamakon ya nuna cewa surfactants suna da kyakkyawan aikin antibacterial.
09 Rheological Properties
Abubuwan rheological na surfactants suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantancewa da tsinkayar aikace-aikacen su a cikin masana'antu daban-daban, gami da abinci, magunguna, hakar mai, kulawa na sirri da samfuran kula da gida. An gudanar da bincike da yawa don tattauna dangantakar dake tsakanin viscoelasticity na amino acid surfactants da cmc.
10 Aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar kwaskwarima
Ana amfani da AAS a cikin samar da samfuran kulawa da yawa.Ana samun potassium N-cocoyl glycinate yana da laushi a kan fata kuma ana amfani dashi a tsaftace fuska don cire sludge da kayan shafa. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid yana da ƙungiyoyin carboxyl guda biyu, wanda ke sa ya zama mai narkewa da ruwa. Daga cikin waɗannan AAS, AAS dangane da C 12 fatty acids ana amfani dasu sosai a cikin tsaftace fuska don cire sludge da kayan shafa. Ana amfani da AAS tare da sarkar C 18 azaman emulsifiers a cikin samfuran kulawa da fata, kuma an san N-Lauryl alanine salts don ƙirƙirar kumfa mai laushi waɗanda ba su da haushi ga fata kuma saboda haka ana iya amfani da su a cikin samar da samfuran kulawa da jarirai. AAS na tushen N-Lauryl da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin man goge baki yana da kyakkyawan tsari mai kama da sabulu da ingantaccen haɓakar enzyme mai ƙarfi.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, zaɓi na surfactants don kayan shafawa, samfuran kulawa na sirri da kuma magunguna sun mayar da hankali kan ƙarancin guba, tawali'u, tausasawa ga taɓawa da aminci. Masu amfani da waɗannan samfuran suna sane sosai game da yuwuwar haushi, guba da abubuwan muhalli.
A yau, ana amfani da AAS don tsara shamfu da yawa, gashin gashi da sabulun wanka saboda yawancin fa'idodin su akan takwarorinsu na gargajiya a cikin kayan kwalliya da samfuran kulawa na sirri.Abubuwan surfactants na tushen furotin suna da kyawawan kaddarorin da ake buƙata don samfuran kulawa na sirri. Wasu AAS suna da damar yin fim, yayin da wasu suna da damar yin kumfa mai kyau.
Amino acid sune mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa ta halitta mai ɗanɗano abubuwa a cikin stratum corneum. Lokacin da kwayoyin epidermal suka mutu, sun zama wani ɓangare na stratum corneum kuma sunadaran sunadaran cikin salula suna raguwa a hankali zuwa amino acid. Daga nan sai a kara jigilar wadannan amino acid zuwa cikin stratum corneum, inda suke tsotse kitse ko abubuwa masu kama da kitse a cikin epidermal stratum corneum, ta haka ne ke inganta elasticity na saman fata. Kusan kashi 50% na abubuwan da ke damun fata na halitta sun ƙunshi amino acid da pyrrolidone.
Collagen, wani sinadari na kwaskwarima na kowa, kuma ya ƙunshi amino acid waɗanda ke sa fata ta yi laushi.Matsalolin fata kamar taurin kai da ɗimuwa suna faruwa a babban ɓangare saboda ƙarancin amino acid. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa hada amino acid da man shafawa yana rage konewar fata, kuma wuraren da abin ya shafa sun koma yadda suka saba ba tare da zama tabo na keloid ba.
An kuma gano cewa amino acid na da matukar amfani wajen kula da cuticles da suka lalace.Busasshen gashi maras siffa na iya nuna raguwar tattarawar amino acid a cikin maƙarƙashiya mai lalacewa. Amino acid suna da ikon shiga cikin cuticle a cikin shingen gashi kuma su sha danshi daga fata.Wannan ikon na amino acid surfactants yana sa su da amfani sosai a cikin shamfu, rini na gashi, masu laushi gashi, masu gyaran gashi, da kasancewar amino acid yana sa gashi yayi ƙarfi.
11 Aikace-aikace a cikin kayan yau da kullun
A halin yanzu, ana samun karuwar buƙatun kayan aikin wanka na tushen amino acid a duk duniya.An san AAS don samun mafi kyawun tsaftacewa, ikon kumfa da kayan laushi masu laushi, wanda ya sa su dace da kayan wanke gida, shamfu, wanke jiki da sauran aikace-aikace.Amphoteric AAS mai aspartic acid da aka samu an ruwaito shi ya zama madaidaicin wanka mai inganci tare da abubuwan chelating. An samo amfani da kayan wanke-wanke wanda ya ƙunshi N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acid don rage haushin fata. An ba da rahoton wani tsari na kayan wanka na ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate don zama madaidaicin wanki don tabon mai akan saman ƙarfe. Aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONa, an kuma nuna cewa yana da mafi kyawun tsaftacewa kuma ana amfani dashi don tsaftace kayan yadi, kafet, gashi, gilashi, da dai sauransu. The 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N, N- An san abin da ake samu na acetoacetic acid yana da kyakkyawar iya haɗawa kuma don haka yana ba da kwanciyar hankali ga masu yin bleaching.
Shirye-shiryen kayan aikin wanka bisa N- (N'-long-sarkar acyl-β-alanyl) -β-alanine Keigo da Tatsuya sun ruwaito a cikin takardar shaidar su don mafi kyawun ikon wankewa da kwanciyar hankali, sauƙin kumfa mai laushi da laushi mai kyau. . Kao ya ɓullo da na'urar wanka bisa N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine kuma ya ba da rahoton ƙarancin fata, juriya mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin cire tabo.
Kamfanin Jafananci Ajinomoto yana amfani da ƙananan mai guba da sauƙi mai sauƙi AAS dangane da L-glutamic acid, L-arginine da L-lysine a matsayin babban kayan aiki a cikin shamfu, kayan wankewa da kayan shafawa (Hoto 13). An kuma bayar da rahoton iyawar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da enzyme a cikin kayan aikin wanka don cire ɓarnar furotin. N-acyl AAS da aka samo daga glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine da aspartic acid an ruwaito don amfani da su azaman kyawawan kayan wanka na ruwa a cikin maganin ruwa. Wadannan surfactants ba sa ƙara danko kwata-kwata, ko da a yanayin zafi sosai, kuma ana iya canjawa wuri cikin sauƙi daga ma'ajiyar na'urar kumfa don samun kumfa iri ɗaya.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-09-2022