Babban samfuranmu: Amino silicone, silicone silicone, silicone silicone, duk emulsion silicone su, mai haɓaka saurin gogewa, mai hana ruwa (Fluorine kyauta, Carbon 6, Carbon 8), sinadarai wankin demin (ABS, Enzyme, Mai kare Spandex, Mai cire Manganese), ƙarin daki-daki don Allah a tuntuɓi: Mandy +566 (1896)
Manyan Dangantaka guda 9 Tsakanin Ma'aikatun Sama da Masana'antar Rini
01 Tashin Sama
Ƙarfin da ke yin kwangilar saman ruwa a kowane tsayin raka'a ana kiransa tashin hankali, wanda aka auna a N·m⁻¹.
02 Ayyukan Surface da Surfactants
Abubuwan da ke rage tashin hankali na ƙasa ana kiran su aiki na sama, kuma abubuwan da suka mallaki wannan kayan ana kiran su abubuwa masu aiki. Surfactants abubuwa ne masu aiki a saman da za su iya samar da tari a cikin mafita mai ruwa, kamar miceles, kuma suna nuna babban aikin saman tare da ayyuka kamar jika, emulsifying, kumfa, da wankewa.
03 Halayen Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta na Surfactants
Surfactants sune kwayoyin halitta tare da sifofi na musamman da kaddarorin; za su iya canza yanayin tashin hankali tsakanin sassa biyu ko yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa (yawanci ruwa), suna nuna kaddarorin kamar jika, kumfa, emulsifying, da wankewa. A tsari, surfactants suna da halayen gama gari na ƙunshe da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu a cikin ƙwayoyin su: ƙarshen ɗaya yana da rukunin dogon sarkar da ba na polar ba wanda ke narkewa cikin mai amma ba a narkewa cikin ruwa, wanda aka sani da rukunin hydrophobic. Wannan rukunin hydrophobic yawanci hydrocarbon ne mai tsayi mai tsayi, kodayake wani lokacin yana iya ƙunshi nau'ikan fluorides, silicons, Organic phosphines, ko sarƙoƙin organotin. Ɗayan ƙarshen yana da ƙungiyar mai narkewa mai ruwa, wanda aka sani da ƙungiyar hydrophilic. Ƙungiyar hydrophilic dole ne ta sami isasshen ruwa don tabbatar da cewa dukan surfactant zai iya narke cikin ruwa kuma ya mallaki mahimmancin solubility. Saboda surfactants sun ƙunshi duka hydrophilic da hydrophobic kungiyoyin, za su iya narke a cikin aƙalla lokaci ɗaya na matsakaicin ruwa. Wannan yanayin alaƙa biyu na surfactants ana kiransa amphiphilicity.
04 Nau'in Surfactants
Surfactants sune kwayoyin amphiphilic tare da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da hydrophilic. Ƙungiyar hydrophobic gabaɗaya ta ƙunshi hydrocarbons masu tsayi, irin su madaidaiciyar sarkar alkanes (C8-C20), alkanes masu rassa (C8-C20), ko alkylbenzenes (alkyl carbon atom number 8-16). Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic galibi sun taso ne daga bambance-bambancen tsari a cikin sarƙoƙin carbon. Duk da haka, bambancin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic sun fi girma, saboda haka kadarorin masu surfactants suna da alaƙa ba kawai ga girman da siffar ƙungiyar hydrophobic ba har ma da yawa ga ƙungiyar hydrophilic. Za a iya rarraba Surfactants bisa tsarin ƙungiyar hydrophilic, da farko bisa ga ko yana da ionic, rarraba su zuwa anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, da sauran nau'ikan surfactants na musamman.
05 Abubuwan Abubuwan Maganin Surfactant
①Adsorption a Interface
Kwayoyin da ke sama sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da hydrophobic. Ruwa, kasancewar ruwa mai ƙarfi na iyakacin duniya, lokacin da surfactants suka narke a cikinsa, yana bin ka'idar "irin wannan polarity yana jan hankalin juna; polarities daban-daban suna korar juna." Rukunin hydrophilic nasa yana mu'amala da ruwa, yana maishe shi, yayin da rukuninsa na hydrophobic ke komowa daga ruwa kuma suna fita daga yanayin ruwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da kwayoyin surfactant (ko ions) suna adsorbing a saman tsakar fuska, ta yadda za a rage tashin hankali tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta (ko ions) waɗanda ke daɗaɗawa a wurin mu'amala, mafi girman raguwar tashin hankali tsakanin fuskoki.
② Abubuwan Fina-Finan Talla
Fuskar Fuskar Fim ɗin Adsorbed: Abubuwan da ke sama suna samar da fina-finai da aka tallata a cikin mahallin ruwan gas. Misali, sanya miya mai zamewa maras gogayya a mahaɗin ruwa zai haifar da matsi akan mai iyo lokacin da aka tura fim ɗin tare da ruwan saman. Wannan matsa lamba ana kiransa matsin lamba.
Dangantakar Fasa: Kamar matsa lamba na sama, dankon saman abu ne da aka nuna ta fina-finai na kwayoyin halitta. Ta hanyar dakatar da zoben platinum a kan kyakkyawar waya ta ƙarfe don ya taɓa saman ruwa a cikin tanki, juya zoben platinum yana nuna juriya saboda dankowar ruwa. Lalacewar a cikin girman da aka lura zai iya auna dankon saman; Bambance-bambancen raguwar raguwa tsakanin ruwa mai tsabta da wanda ke dauke da fim din yana samar da danko na fim din. Dankin saman yana da alaƙa da kusanci da ƙarfin fim; tun da fina-finan da aka tallata sun mallaki matsa lamba da danko, dole ne su ƙunshi elasticity. Mafi girman matsi da danko na fim ɗin adsorbed, ya fi girma modul na roba.
③ Samuwar Micelle
Halin surfactants a cikin mafita mai tsarma yana yin biyayya da ƙa'idodin bayani mai kyau. Adadin surfactant adsorbed a farfajiyar bayani yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙaddamarwar bayani ya tashi har sai an kai wani taro, bayan haka tallan ba ya ƙara ƙaruwa. Abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri a wannan lokacin suna tarwatsewa ba da gangan ba ko kuma sun kasance a cikin tsari. Dukansu shaidun da suka dace da na ka'idar sun nuna cewa sun samar da tara a cikin maganin, da ake kira micelles. Mafi qarancin maida hankali a cikin abin da surfactants suka fara samar da micelles ana kiransa mahimmancin micelle (CMC).
06 Ma'aunin Ma'aunin Hydrophilic-Lipophilic (HLB)
HLB, gajeriyar ma'aunin Hydrophile-Lipophile, yana nuna ma'auni tsakanin ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da lipophilic a cikin surfactants. Ƙimar HLB mafi girma yana nuna ƙarfin hydrophilicity da raunin lipophilicity, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne ga ƙananan ƙimar HLB.
① Ƙididdigar Ƙimar HLB ***:Darajar HLB dangi ne; don haka, don kafa ƙimar HLB, ma'auni na abin da ba na ruwa ba, kamar paraffin, an saita shi a HLB = 0, yayin da sodium dodecyl sulfate tare da karfin ruwa mai karfi an sanya HLB = 40. Saboda haka, ƙimar HLB don surfactants gabaɗaya ya faɗi tsakanin 1 da 40. Surfactants tare da HLB waɗanda darajar ta fi lipphic 1.1. Sabili da haka, wurin jujjuyawa tsakanin lipophilicity da hydrophilicity yana kusa da 10. Amfani da yuwuwar amfani da surfactants za a iya ƙididdige su daga ƙimar su HLB.
| HLB | Aikace-aikace | HLB | Aikace-aikace |
| 1.5 ~ 3 | W/O Nau'in Masu Kashe Kumfa | 8 ~ 18 | Nau'in O/W Emulsifiers |
| 3.5 ~ 6 | W/O Nau'in Emulsifiers | 13-15 | Abubuwan wanka |
| 7 ~9 | Ma'aikatan Jika | 15-18 | Solubilizers |
Bisa ga tebur, masu yin amfani da suttura masu dacewa don amfani da su azaman emulsifiers na mai a cikin ruwa suna da ƙimar HLB na 3.5 zuwa 6, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin ruwa-a-man emulsifiers sun faɗi tsakanin 8 zuwa 18.
② Ƙaddamar da Ƙimar HLB (an cire).
07 Emulsification da Solubilization
Emulsion shine tsarin da aka samar lokacin da ruwa maras kyau ya tarwatsa a cikin wani nau'i mai kyau (digiri ko lu'ulu'u na ruwa). Emulsifier, wanda shine nau'in surfactant, yana da mahimmanci don daidaita wannan tsarin mara ƙarfi na thermodynamic ta rage ƙarfin tsaka-tsaki. A lokaci data kasance a droplet tsari a cikin emulsion ake kira tarwatsa lokaci (ko na ciki lokaci), yayin da lokaci forming wani m Layer ake kira watsawa matsakaici (ko waje lokaci).
① Emulsifiers da Emulsions
Emulsion na yau da kullun yakan ƙunshi lokaci ɗaya azaman ruwa ko maganin ruwa, ɗayan kuma azaman sinadari, kamar mai ko waxes. Dangane da rarrabuwarsu, ana iya rarraba emulsion a matsayin ruwa-a cikin mai (W/O) inda aka watsar da mai a cikin ruwa, ko mai-in-ruwa (O/W) inda aka watsar da ruwa a cikin mai. Haka kuma, hadaddun emulsions kamar W/O/W ko O/W/O na iya wanzuwa. Emulsifiers suna daidaita emulsions ta hanyar rage tashin hankali tsakanin fuska da ƙirƙirar membranes monomolecular. Mai emulsifier dole ne ya haɗa ko tarawa a wurin mu'amala don rage tashin hankali tsakanin fuska da ba da cajin ga ɗigogi, haifar da ƙin wuta, ko ƙirƙirar fim mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a kusa da barbashi. Sabili da haka, abubuwan da ake amfani da su azaman emulsifiers dole ne su mallaki ƙungiyoyin amphiphilic, waɗanda surfactants zasu iya bayarwa.
② Hanyoyin Shirye-shiryen Emulsion da Abubuwan da ke Tasirin Natsuwa
Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu don shirya emulsions: hanyoyin injiniya suna tarwatsa ruwa zuwa ƙananan barbashi a cikin wani ruwa, yayin da hanya ta biyu ta haɗa da narkar da ruwa a cikin nau'in kwayar halitta a wani kuma yana haifar da su taruwa daidai. A zaman lafiyar wani emulsion yana nufin da ikon yin tsayayya da barbashi tara da take kaiwa zuwa lokaci rabuwa. Emulsions sune tsarin thermodynamically maras ƙarfi tare da mafi girman kuzarin kyauta, don haka zaman lafiyar su yana nuna lokacin da ake buƙata don isa daidaito, watau, lokacin da ake ɗaukar ruwa don rabuwa da emulsion. Lokacin da barasa mai kitse, fatty acid, da amines mai fatty ke kasancewa a cikin fim ɗin tsaka-tsakin, ƙarfin membrane yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na polar suna samar da hadaddun a cikin Layer ɗin da aka tallatawa, suna ƙarfafa membrane na interfacial.
Emulsifiers da suka hada da biyu ko fiye surfactants ana kiransu gauraye emulsifiers. Haɗaɗɗen emulsifiers suna adsorb a mahaɗar ruwa-mai, kuma hulɗar kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da hadaddun abubuwa waɗanda ke rage yawan tashin hankali na tsaka-tsaki, suna ƙara adadin adsorbate da haɓaka mai yawa, membranes interfacial mai ƙarfi.
ɗigogi masu cajin lantarki musamman suna tasiri da kwanciyar hankali na emulsions. A cikin kwanciyar hankali emulsions, ɗigon ruwa yawanci yana ɗaukar cajin lantarki. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da emulsifiers na ionic, ƙarshen hydrophobic na ion surfactants an haɗa shi cikin lokacin mai, yayin da ƙarshen hydrophilic ya kasance a cikin lokacin ruwa, yana ba da caji ga ɗigon ruwa. Kamar tuhume-tuhume tsakanin ɗigon ruwa yana haifar da tarwatsewa da hana haɗuwa, wanda ke haɓaka kwanciyar hankali. Don haka, mafi girman ɗimbin ions emulsifier adsorbed akan ɗigon ruwa, mafi girman cajin su kuma mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na emulsion.
A danko na watsawa matsakaici kuma rinjayar emulsion kwanciyar hankali. Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin danko mafi girma yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankali saboda suna da ƙarfi hana motsin ɗigon ruwan Brownian, yana rage yuwuwar haɗuwa. Abubuwan da ke da nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin da ke narke a cikin emulsion na iya kara yawan danko da kwanciyar hankali. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwa masu nauyi masu nauyi na iya samar da membranes na tsaka-tsaki masu ƙarfi, suna ƙara ƙarfafa emulsion. A wasu lokuta, ƙara m foda zai iya daidaita emulsions kamar haka. Idan dattin barbashi sun jike da ruwa kuma ana iya jika shi da mai, za a adana su a mahaɗin ruwan-man. M powders stabilize da emulsion ta inganta fim kamar yadda suka tari a dubawa, da yawa kamar adsorbed surfactants.
Surfactants na iya haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su iya narkewa ko ɗan narkewa cikin ruwa bayan micelles sun samu a cikin maganin. A wannan lokacin, maganin yana bayyana a sarari, kuma ana kiran wannan ƙarfin solubilization. Abubuwan da za su iya inganta solubilization ana kiran su solubilizers, yayin da kwayoyin halitta da ake solubilized ana kiran su a matsayin solubilates.
08 Kumfa
Kumfa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin wankewa. Kumfa yana nufin tsarin tarwatsewar iskar gas da aka tarwatsa a cikin ruwa ko kauri, tare da iskar gas a matsayin lokacin tarwatsewa da ruwa ko kauri azaman matsakaicin watsawa, wanda aka sani da kumfa mai ƙarfi ko kumfa mai ƙarfi, kamar filastik kumfa, gilashin kumfa, da kankare kumfa.
(1) Samuwar Kumfa
Kalmar kumfa tana nufin tarin kumfa na iska wanda fim ɗin ruwa ya rabu. Saboda da babba yawa bambanci tsakanin gas (watse lokaci) da ruwa (watsawa matsakaici), da kuma low danko na ruwa, gas kumfa da sauri tashi zuwa saman. Samuwar kumfa ya haɗa da haɗa yawan iskar gas a cikin ruwa; kumfa sai da sauri komawa saman, haifar da jimillar kumfa na iska da fim ɗin ruwa kaɗan ya rabu. Game da halaye guda biyu daban-daban game da cututtukan cututtuka: da farko, kumburin gas sau da yawa suna ɗaukar sifa ce ta bakin ciki don zama da bakin ciki, ƙarshe yana haifar da kumburi da kumfa. Na biyu, ruwa mai tsabta ba zai iya samar da kumfa mai tsayayye ba; aƙalla sassa biyu dole ne su kasance don ƙirƙirar kumfa. Maganin surfactant shine tsarin ƙirƙirar kumfa na yau da kullun wanda ƙarfin kumfa yana da alaƙa da sauran kaddarorin sa. Surfactants tare da kyakkyawan ikon kumfa ana kiran su masu kumfa. Ko da yake masu yin kumfa suna ba da damar yin kumfa mai kyau, kumfa da suke samarwa bazai daɗe ba, ma'ana ba a tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali ba. Don inganta kwanciyar hankali na kumfa, ana iya ƙara abubuwan da ke inganta kwanciyar hankali; waɗannan ana kiran su masu ƙarfafawa, tare da masu daidaitawa na kowa ciki har da lauryl diethanolamine da oxides na dodecyl dimethyl amine.
(2) Kwanciyar Kumfa
Kumfa shine tsarin da ba shi da kwanciyar hankali; ci gabanta na dabi'a yana haifar da fashewa, don haka yana rage faɗuwar ruwa gabaɗaya da rage ƙarfin kuzari. Tsarin zubar da kumfa ya ƙunshi raguwa a hankali na fim ɗin ruwa yana raba iskar gas har sai fashewa ya faru. Matsakaicin kwanciyar hankali na kumfa yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar ƙimar magudanar ruwa da ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa. Abubuwa masu tasiri sun haɗa da:
① Tashin Sama: Daga hangen nesa mai kuzari, ƙananan tashin hankali yana son samuwar kumfa amma baya bada garantin kwanciyar hankali. Ƙarƙashin tashin hankali yana nuna ƙaramin matsa lamba, yana haifar da raguwar magudanar ruwa da kauri na fim ɗin ruwa, duka biyun suna ba da kwanciyar hankali.
② Dangantakar Jiki: Babban mahimmanci a cikin kwanciyar hankali na kumfa shine ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa, da farko an ƙaddara ta ƙarfin fim ɗin adsorption na saman, wanda aka auna ta wurin danko. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa mafita tare da babban danko mai tsayi yana samar da kumfa mai dorewa saboda ingantacciyar hulɗar kwayoyin halitta a cikin fim ɗin da aka tallata wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin membrane.
③ Magani Danko: Maɗaukakin danko a cikin ruwa da kansa yana jinkirta magudanar ruwa daga membrane, don haka tsawaita rayuwar fim ɗin ruwa kafin fashewa ya faru, haɓaka kwanciyar hankali.
④ Tashin hankali "Gyara" Ayyukan: Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin membrane na iya hana haɓakawa ko raguwa na fim din; wannan shi ake kira aikin gyarawa. Lokacin da surfactants adsorb zuwa fim ɗin ruwa kuma suna faɗaɗa sararin samaniya, wannan yana rage ƙaddamarwar surfactant a saman kuma yana ƙara tashin hankali; Sabanin haka, ƙanƙancewa yana haifar da ƙara yawan ƙwayar surfactant a saman kuma daga baya yana rage tashin hankali.
⑤ Watsawar Gas Ta Fim ɗin Liquid: Saboda matsa lamba na capillary, ƙananan kumfa suna da matsa lamba na ciki idan aka kwatanta da manyan kumfa, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar iskar gas daga ƙananan kumfa zuwa mafi girma, yana haifar da ƙananan kumfa don raguwa kuma mafi girma su girma, ƙarshe yana haifar da rushewar kumfa. Daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen surfactants yana haifar da uniform, kumfa mai rarraba da kyau kuma yana hana lalata kumfa. Tare da surfactants tam cushe a cikin ruwa fim, iskar gas yana hana, don haka inganta kumfa kwanciyar hankali.
⑥ Tasirin Cajin Sama: Idan fim ɗin ruwa mai kumfa yana ɗaukar caji ɗaya, saman biyu za su kori juna, hana fim ɗin daga bakin ciki ko karye. Ionic surfactants na iya samar da wannan tasirin ƙarfafawa. A taƙaice, ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa shine mahimmancin mahimmancin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali. Surfactants aiki a matsayin kumfa jamiái da stabilizers dole ne su sanya a hankali cushe surface tunawa kwayoyin, saboda wannan muhimmanci tasiri interfacial kwayoyin hulda, inganta ƙarfin da surface fim kanta da kuma haka hana ruwa daga gudãna daga makwabcin fim, sa kumfa kwanciyar hankali mafi m.
(3) Lalacewar Kumfa
Mahimmin ka'idar lalata kumfa ya haɗa da canza yanayin da ke haifar da kumfa ko kawar da abubuwan da ke tabbatar da kumfa, wanda ke haifar da hanyoyin lalata na jiki da na sinadarai. Defoaming na jiki yana kula da sinadarai na maganin kumfa yayin da yake canza yanayi kamar rikice-rikice na waje, zafin jiki, ko canjin matsa lamba, da kuma maganin ultrasonic, duk hanyoyin da suka dace don kawar da kumfa. Yin lalata sinadarai yana nufin ƙari na wasu abubuwa waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da masu yin kumfa don rage ƙarfin fim ɗin ruwa a cikin kumfa, rage kwanciyar hankali da kuma cimma nasarar lalata. Irin waɗannan abubuwa ana kiran su defoamers, yawancin su surfactants. Defoamers yawanci suna da sanannen iyawa don rage tashin hankali na saman kuma suna iya shiga cikin sauri zuwa saman, tare da ƙarancin hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, don haka ƙirƙirar tsarin kwayoyin halitta mara kyau. Nau'in defoamer sun bambanta, amma gabaɗaya su ne nonionic surfactants, tare da reshen alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphates, da silicone mai da aka saba amfani da su azaman kyawawan defoamers.
(4) Kumfa da Tsaftacewa
Adadin kumfa ba ya daidaita kai tsaye tare da ingancin tsaftacewa; karin kumfa baya nufin mafi kyawun tsaftacewa. Misali, nonionic surfactants na iya samar da kasa da kumfa fiye da sabulu, amma suna iya samun ingantaccen iya tsaftacewa. Duk da haka, a wasu yanayi, kumfa zai iya taimakawa wajen kawar da datti; alal misali, kumfa daga wanke jita-jita yana taimakawa wajen ɗaukar maiko, yayin da tsaftace kafet yana ba da damar kumfa don cire datti da ƙazanta. Bugu da ƙari, kumfa na iya nuna alamar tasiri na kayan wankewa; kitse mai kitse da yawa yakan hana samuwar kumfa, haifar da ko dai rashin kumfa ko rage kumfa da ke akwai, yana nuna ƙarancin ingancin wanki. Bugu da ƙari, kumfa na iya zama alama don tsabtar kurkura, kamar yadda matakan kumfa a cikin ruwan kurkura yakan ragu tare da ƙananan abubuwan wanke-wanke.
09 Tsarin Wankewa
A faɗin magana, wanka shine tsarin cire abubuwan da ba'a so daga abin da ake tsaftacewa don cimma wata manufa. A cikin sharuddan gama gari, wankewa yana nufin kawar da datti daga saman mai ɗauka. Lokacin wankewa, wasu sinadarai (kamar kayan wanke-wanke) suna yin aiki don raunana ko kawar da hulɗar da ke tsakanin datti da mai ɗaukar kaya, suna canza haɗin tsakanin datti da mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa dangantaka tsakanin datti da detergent, yana ba da damar rabuwa. Ganin cewa abubuwan da za a tsaftace da dattin da ke buƙatar cirewa na iya bambanta sosai, wankewa wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa, wanda za'a iya sauƙaƙe cikin dangantaka mai zuwa:
Mai ɗaukar kaya • Datti + Wanka = Mai ɗaukar kaya + Datti • Wanka. Tsarin wanke-wanke gabaɗaya ana iya raba shi zuwa matakai biyu:
1. An raba datti daga mai ɗaukar kaya a ƙarƙashin aikin wanka;
2. An tarwatsa datti da aka raba kuma an dakatar da shi a cikin matsakaici. Tsarin wankin yana juyawa, ma'ana tarwatsewa ko dattin da aka dakatar zai iya yuwuwar sake daidaitawa akan abin da aka goge. Don haka, kayan wanka masu inganci ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ikon cire datti daga mai ɗaukar kaya ba amma har ma don tarwatsawa da dakatar da datti, hana shi sake zama.
(1) Nau'in Datti
Ko da abu guda ɗaya na iya tara nau'ikan iri daban-daban, abubuwan da aka tsara, da adadin datti dangane da yanayin amfaninsa. Dattin mai ya ƙunshi nau'o'in mai da dabbobi daban-daban da mai da ma'adinai (kamar ɗanyen mai, mai, man kwal, da dai sauransu); ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta ya haɗa da ɓangarorin abubuwa kamar soot, ƙura, tsatsa, da baƙin carbon. Game da dattin tufafi, yana iya samo asali daga ɓoyewar ɗan adam kamar gumi, sebum, da jini; abubuwan da suka shafi abinci kamar tabon 'ya'yan itace ko mai da kayan yaji; saura daga kayan shafawa kamar lipstick da goge ƙusa; gurbacewar yanayi kamar hayaki, kura, da ƙasa; da ƙarin tabo kamar tawada, shayi, da fenti. Wannan datti iri-iri na iya zama gabaɗaya zuwa kashi mai ƙarfi, ruwa, da nau'ikan na musamman.
① Datti mai ƙarfi: Misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da soot, laka, da ƙurar ƙura, yawancinsu suna da caji - galibi ana cajin su - waɗanda ke manne da kayan fibrous cikin sauƙi. Dattin datti gabaɗaya baya narkewa a cikin ruwa amma ana iya tarwatsawa kuma a dakatar da shi a cikin wanki. Barbashi ƙasa da 0.1μm na iya zama ƙalubale musamman don cirewa.
② Datti Liquid: Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa masu mai waɗanda suke da mai-mai narkewa, wanda ya ƙunshi mai dabbobi, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mai ma'adinai, da oxides. Duk da yake dabbobi da kayan lambu mai da fatty acid na iya amsawa tare da alkalis don samar da sabulu, barasa mai kitse da mai mai ma'adinai ba sa shan saponification amma ana iya narkar da su ta hanyar alcohols, ethers, da Organic hydrocarbons, kuma ana iya yin emulsified kuma a tarwatsa su ta hanyar mafita. Datti mai ruwan ruwa yawanci ana mannewa da ƙarfi ga kayan fibrous saboda ƙaƙƙarfan hulɗa.
③ Datti na Musamman: Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi sunadaran sunadarai, sitaci, jini, da sigar ɗan adam kamar gumi da fitsari, da kuma 'ya'yan itace da ruwan shayi. Waɗannan kayan galibi suna ɗaure da zaruruwa ta hanyar hulɗar sinadarai, yana sa su da wahala a wanke su. Daban-daban iri-iri na datti ba safai suke wanzuwa da kansu ba, maimakon haka suna haɗuwa tare kuma suna manne da saman saman gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje, datti na iya yin oxidize, bazuwa, ko lalata, samar da sababbin nau'i na datti.
(2) Manne da Datti
Datti yana manne da kayan kamar tufafi da fata saboda wasu mu'amala tsakanin abu da datti. Ƙarfin mannewa tsakanin ƙazanta da abu na iya haifar da ko dai ta zahiri ko na sinadari.
① Manne Jiki: Manne da datti kamar soot, kura, da laka ya ƙunshi raunin hulɗar jiki. Gabaɗaya, ana iya cire waɗannan nau'ikan datti cikin sauƙi saboda ƙarancin mannewansu, wanda galibi yakan taso ne daga ƙarfin injina ko na lantarki.
A: Mechanical Adhesion ***: Wannan yawanci yana nufin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta kamar ƙura ko yashi wanda ke mannewa ta hanyar injina, wanda yake da sauƙin cirewa, kodayake ƙananan barbashi ƙarƙashin 0.1μm suna da wahalar tsaftacewa.
B: Electrostatic Adhesion ***: Wannan ya haɗa da ɓangarorin datti da ke hulɗa da kayan da aka caje; Yawanci, kayan fibrous suna ɗaukar caji mara kyau, yana ba su damar jawo hankalin majiɓinta mai inganci kamar wasu gishiri. Wasu barbashi da aka caje mara kyau suna iya taruwa akan waɗannan zaruruwa ta gadoji na ionic waɗanda ions masu kyau suka yi a cikin maganin.
② Manne Sinadari: Wannan yana nufin datti da ke manne da abu ta hanyar haɗin sinadarai. Misali, datti mai ƙarfi ko kayan aiki kamar tsatsa suna ɗaukar tsayin daka saboda haɗin sinadarai da aka kafa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kamar carboxyl, hydroxyl, ko amine ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke cikin kayan fibrous. Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar suna haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi, yana sa ya fi wahala a cire irin wannan datti; jiyya na musamman na iya zama dole don tsaftace yadda ya kamata. Matsayin mannewa datti ya dogara da duka kaddarorin dattin kanta da na saman da yake bi.
(3) Hanyoyin Cire Datti
Manufar wankewa shine kawar da datti. Wannan ya haɗa da yin amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan wanki don raunana ko kawar da mannewa tsakanin datti da abubuwan da aka wanke, waɗanda sojojin injiniyoyi ke taimakonsu (kamar gogewar hannu, tashin injin wanki, ko tasirin ruwa), a ƙarshe yana haifar da rabuwar datti.
① Tsarin Cire Datti na Ruwa
A: Jika: Yawancin datti na ruwa yana da mai kuma yana kula da jika abubuwa daban-daban na fibrous, suna samar da fim mai mai a saman su. Matakin farko na wankewa shine aikin wanke-wanke wanda ke haifar da jikewar saman.
B: Injin Juyawa don Cire Mai: Mataki na biyu na kawar da datti yana faruwa ta hanyar naɗawa. Dattin ruwan da ke yaɗuwa azaman fim a saman ƙasa a hankali yana jujjuyawa zuwa ɗigon ruwa saboda fifikon ruwan wanki na saman fibrous, a ƙarshe ana maye gurbinsa da ruwan wanka.
② Tsarin Cire Datti mai ƙarfi
Ba kamar dattin ruwa ba, kawar da dattin datti ya dogara da ikon ruwan wanka na jika duka ɓangarorin datti da kuma saman kayan mai ɗauka. Adsorption na surfactants akan saman datti mai ƙarfi da mai ɗaukar hoto yana rage ƙarfin hulɗar su, don haka rage ƙarfin mannewa na datti, yana sauƙaƙa cire su. Bugu da ƙari kuma, surfactants, musamman na ionic surfactants, na iya ƙara ƙarfin lantarki na datti mai datti da kayan da ke sama, yana sauƙaƙe ƙarin cirewa.
Nonionic surfactants ayan adsorb a kan gaba ɗaya cajin m saman da zai iya samar da wani gagarumin m Layer, haifar da rage sake saita datti. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na cationic, duk da haka, na iya rage yuwuwar wutar lantarki na datti da saman mai ɗaukar kaya, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙima kuma yana hana cire datti.
③ Cire datti na Musamman
Abubuwan wanke-wanke na yau da kullun na iya kokawa da taurin kai daga sunadaran sunadarai, sitaci, jini, da sirran jiki. Enzymes kamar protease na iya kawar da tabon sunadaran yadda ya kamata ta hanyar wargaza sunadaran zuwa amino acid mai narkewa ko peptides. Hakazalika, sitaci na iya bazuwa zuwa sukari ta hanyar amylase. Lipases na iya taimakawa wajen lalata ƙazantattun abubuwan triacylglycerol waɗanda galibi suna da wuyar cirewa ta hanyar al'ada. Tabo daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, ko tawada wani lokaci suna buƙatar abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar oxygen ko masu ragewa, waɗanda ke amsawa da ƙungiyoyin masu samar da launi don ƙasƙantar da su zuwa gaɓoɓin ruwa mai narkewa.
(4) Na'urar Tsabtace Tsabtace
Abubuwan da aka ambata na farko sun shafi wankewa da ruwa. Duk da haka, saboda bambancin yadudduka, wasu kayan bazai amsa da kyau ga wanke ruwa ba, yana haifar da lalacewa, ɓataccen launi, da dai sauransu. Yawancin filaye na halitta suna fadada lokacin da aka jika kuma suna raguwa, suna haifar da canje-canjen tsarin da ba a so. Don haka, bushewar bushewa, yawanci ta yin amfani da abubuwan kaushi, galibi ana fifita su don waɗannan masakun.
Tsaftace bushewa ya fi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da rigar wanka, saboda yana rage aikin injin da zai lalata tufafi. Don ingantaccen kawar da datti a bushewar bushewa, ana rarraba datti zuwa manyan nau'ikan guda uku:
① Datti mai narkewa mai: Wannan ya haɗa da mai da mai, waɗanda ke narkewa da sauri a cikin busassun tsaftacewa.
② Datti mai narkewa da ruwa: Wannan nau'in na iya narkewa a cikin ruwa amma ba a cikin busassun ƙauyen tsaftacewa ba, wanda ya ƙunshi gishirin inorganic, sitaci, da furotin, waɗanda za su iya yin crystallize da zarar ruwa ya ƙafe.
③ Dattin da ba mai-ko mai-mai narkewa ba: Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar baƙar fata carbon da silicates na ƙarfe waɗanda ba sa narke a kowane matsakaici.
Kowane nau'in datti yana buƙatar dabaru daban-daban don kawar da tasiri mai tasiri yayin tsaftace bushewa. Ana cire datti mai narkewa ta hanya ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan kaushi na halitta saboda kyakkyawan narkewar su a cikin abubuwan da ba na polar ba. Don tabo mai narkewar ruwa, isasshen ruwa dole ne ya kasance a cikin busasshen mai tsaftacewa tunda ruwa yana da mahimmanci don kawar da datti mai inganci. Abin baƙin ciki shine, tun da ruwa yana da ƙarancin narkewa a cikin busassun tsaftacewa, sau da yawa ana ƙara surfactants don taimakawa wajen haɗa ruwa.
Surfactants suna haɓaka ƙarfin wakili na tsaftacewa na ruwa da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da narkewar ƙazanta masu narkewar ruwa a cikin micelles. Bugu da ƙari, surfactants na iya hana ƙazanta daga ƙirƙirar sabbin adibas bayan wankewa, haɓaka ingancin tsaftacewa. Ƙara ƙaramin ruwa yana da mahimmanci don cire waɗannan ƙazanta, amma yawan adadin zai iya haifar da gurɓataccen masana'anta, don haka yana buƙatar daidaita abun ciki na ruwa a cikin busassun tsaftacewa.
(5) Abubuwan Da Suke Tasirin Aikin Wankan
Adsorption na surfactants akan musaya da sakamakon raguwar tashin hankali na fuska yana da mahimmanci don cire ruwa ko ƙazanta mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, wankin yana da wuyar gaske, abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri a kowane nau'in wanki iri ɗaya. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da tattarawar wanka, zafin jiki, kaddarorin datti, nau'ikan fiber, da tsarin masana'anta.
① Tattaunawa na Surfactants: Micelles da aka kafa ta hanyar surfactants suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wankewa. Canjin aikin wankin yana ƙaruwa sosai da zarar taro ya zarce mahimmancin micelle (CMC), don haka ya kamata a yi amfani da wanki a mafi girma fiye da CMC don ingantaccen wankewa. Koyaya, yawan abubuwan wanke-wanke sama da CMC suna haifar da raguwar dawowa, yana mai da ƙari mai yawa ba dole ba.
② Tasirin Zazzabi: Zazzabi yana da tasiri mai zurfi akan ingancin tsaftacewa. Gabaɗaya, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana sauƙaƙe cire datti; duk da haka, zafi mai yawa na iya haifar da illa. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana taimakawa wajen tarwatsa datti kuma yana iya haifar da datti mai mai don yin emulsify da sauri. Amma duk da haka, a cikin yadudduka da aka saƙa, ƙara yawan zafin jiki da ke haifar da zaruruwa na iya rage aikin cirewa ba da gangan ba.
Canjin yanayin zafi kuma yana shafar solubility na surfactant, CMC, da ƙididdiga na micelle, don haka yana tasiri ingancin tsaftacewa. Don yawancin surfactants na dogon lokaci, ƙananan yanayin zafi suna rage solubility, wani lokaci a ƙasa da nasu CMC; don haka, ɗumamar da ta dace na iya zama dole don kyakkyawan aiki. Tasirin yanayin zafi akan CMC da micelles sun bambanta ga ionic da nonionic surfactants: ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana ɗaga CMC na surfactants na ionic, don haka yana buƙatar daidaitawar hankali.
③ Kumfa: Akwai kuskuren gama gari da ke haɗa ikon kumfa tare da ingancin wanke-yawan kumfa ba ya daidai da wanki mafi girma. Shaidu na gaske sun nuna cewa ƙananan kumfa na iya yin tasiri daidai. Koyaya, kumfa na iya taimakawa cire datti a wasu aikace-aikace, kamar a cikin wanke-wanke, inda kumfa ke taimakawa wajen kawar da maiko ko tsaftace kafet, inda yake ɗaga datti. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar kumfa na iya nuna ko kayan wankewa suna aiki; wuce haddi mai zai iya hana samuwar kumfa, yayin da rage kumfa yana nuna raguwar maida hankali.
④ Nau'in Fiber da Abubuwan Kayan Yada: Bayan tsarin sinadarai, bayyanar da tsarin zaruruwa suna shafar manne datti da wahalar cirewa. Zaɓuɓɓuka masu ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ko lebur, kamar ulu ko auduga, sukan fi kama datti cikin sauri fiye da zaruruwa masu santsi. Yadudduka da aka saƙa kusa da su na iya da farko yin tsayayya da tara ƙazanta amma suna iya hana yin wanka mai inganci saboda iyakancewar datti da aka kama.
⑤ Taurin Ruwa: Yawan adadin Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, da sauran ions na ƙarfe suna da tasiri sosai ga sakamakon wankewa, musamman ga abubuwan da ake amfani da su na anionic, waɗanda ke iya samar da gishiri mara narkewa wanda ke rage ingancin tsaftacewa. A cikin ruwa mai wuya ko da tare da isasshen maida hankali na surfactant, aikin tsaftacewa ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da ruwa mai tsabta. Don ingantaccen aikin surfactant, dole ne a rage yawan taro na Ca²⁺ zuwa ƙasa da 1 × 10⁻ mol/L (CaCO₃ ƙasa da 0.1 mg/L), galibi yana buƙatar haɗa abubuwan da ke sanya ruwa a cikin abubuwan da aka tsara.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-05-2024
